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ESSENTIALS /GEOGRAPHY 

GEOGRAPHY of 
NEW ENGLAND 



MAINE . . . . . E. E. Philbrook. 
NEW HAMPSHIRE . . W. E. Mason 

VERMONT . . . . A. W. Varney 
MASSACHUSETTS . . C. P. Sinnott 

CONNECTICUT .... H. T. Burr 
RHODE ISLAND . . R. M. Brown 

Edited by 
Albert Perry Brigham, A.M., and Charles T. McFarlane, Pd.D. 




AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 

NEW YORK CINCINNATI CHICAGO 






TABLE OF CONTENTS 



Geography of New England 



Maine .... 
Map of Maine in colors 



New Hampshire . 

Map of New Hampshire and Vermont in colors 



Vermont 

Map of Vermont and New Hampshire in colors 

Massachusetts 

Map of Massachusetts in colors 

Connecticut 

Map of Connecticut and Rhode Island in colors 

Rhode Island ....... 



Map of Rhode Island and Connecticut in colors 



PAGE 
I 



. 6 and 7 
28 and 29 



so 



28 and 29 



42 


■ 41 

and 43 


76 


■ 65 
and 77 



. . 78 

76 and 77 



VRIGHT, I'd' 1 , BV 

1 \s BOOK I OMPANV 

All rights rtttr 

■ ENGLAND 

■ 

©HI A-llinM.'i 



NOV 29 1916 







A ty{ 



;land landscape 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



Surface. — Most of New England is an 
upland into which the streams have cut deep 
valleys. In the northern part the surface is 
mountainous, and the sides of the mountains 
are extensively covered with forests. The 
surface of New England is dotted with 
numerous lakes, and. there are many swift- 
flowing rivers. 

Study again Sections 78-82, 85, and answer 
the following questions: (1) What changes 
in the soil and surface of New England were 
made by the ice sheet that formerly moved 
southward over this region ? (2) Where 
is the chief lowland in New England : 

(3) Where are the mountainous areas ; 

(4) What and where is the highest mountain : 

(5) What are drowned valleys? Name and 
locate three in New England. 

Agriculture.— The surface of New England 
is adapted to the growing of hay and pasture 
grasses. Because of the large number of 
people in villages and cities there is an enor- 
mous demand for milk and other dairy prod- 
ucts. This demand and the large acreage 
of hay and pasture have led to the ex- 
tensive development of dairying in New- 
England. The many villages and cities 
create an extensive market for vegetables 
and fruits, and much tillable land is occupied 

Copyright, 1916, by American Book Comp.iny. j 



by truck farms on which these products are 
grown. The diagram below shows the dif- 
ference between the character of New England 
agriculture and that of the North Central 
section, which is the chief grain-growing 
region of the United States. Each line shows 
what per cent of the total value of all crops 
each crop or group of crops represents. For 
example, the value of corn in the North 
Central States is 36.6 per cent of the value of 
all the crops grown in that section, while the 




Percentage of value of all crops represented by 

individual crops or group of crops in New 

England and North Central states 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



value of the New England corn crop is only 
3.9 per cent of the value of all crops grown 
in that region. 

The diagram to the right shows the per 
cent of workers engaged in agriculture in 
New England, and in each of the other sec- 
tions of the United States. 

New England as a Summer Resort— 
Beautiful scenery, pleasant summer weather, 
and interesting historic places are the chief 
attractions that draw hundreds of thousands 
of summer visitors to New England. Rocky 
shores and sandy beaches, forest-covered 
mountains, grassy slopes, clear lakes, and 
swift-flowing rivers are some of the scenic 
features of this region. Many fine hotels 
and thousands of homes in the villages and 
on the farms care for the hosts of summer 
visitors. 

Study Section 96 and answer the following 
questions: (0 What are some of the attrac- 
tive features of the New England coast? 
Name two of the most important seaside 
resorts in New England. (2) Why do 
many people spend their summer vacations 
in the mountains? (3) Name several lines 
of employment in the tourist industry ot 
New England. 



STATES 

NEW ENGLAND 

MIDDLE ATLANTIC^ 
NORTH CENTRAL. 
SOUTH ATLANTIC. 
SOUTH CENTRAL. 

PLATEAU 

PACIFIC 



PER CENT 
40 60 



|10.4 

110.0 




Per cent of workers in agriculture in 
each section of the United States 




A typical farm sceni in Ni j 



Manufacturing. New England is the 
chief manufacturing section of the I nited 
States. One of the diagrams on the next 
page shows the importance of this industry 
in New England. One half of all the workers 
in this section are engaged in manufacturing. 
Compare this with the per cent ot workers 
engaged in manufacturing in the South Central 
section, where agriculture is the chief industry 
and manufacturing is of minor importance. 
Manufacturing requires that the workers live 
near the factories; and, therefore, more than 
four fifths of the people of New England live 
in cities and villages having 2500 or more in- 
habitants. The other diagram on the next page 
shows the per cent of urban and rural popula- 

tion in New England 

and in each ot the 
othei sections of the 
United States. Ur- 
ban populai ion con- 
sist s nt' people living 
in cities and vil- 
lages having 2500 
or more inhabitants. 
Rural population 

consists of people 
living in 1 he count 1 \ 
and in cities and 
villages having less 
than 2,00 inhabit- 
ants. 

Read again Sec- 
tions ^7 92, and 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 





Mount Washington and other peaks of the White Mountains 



answer the following questions: (i) What 
things have made manufacturing the leading 
industry in New England ? (2) Name and 
locate ten of the leading manufacturing cities 
of this section. (3) What are the leading 
manufactured products of New England ? 

Commerce. — The chief articles shipped 
out of New England are the products of its 
factories and quarries. Raw materials and 
fuel for the factories and foodstuffs for the 
million of people in the industrial centers are 
the leading products shipped into this region. 
Read Sections 87-99 to ^ n ^ answers to the 
following questions: (1) What are the two 
chief sources of power for manufacturing in 
New England ? (2) Make a list of raw 
materials shipped into New England for its 
factories. (3) What countries or regions are 



STATES 

NEW ENGLAND . 

MIDDLE ATLANTIC . 

NORTH CENTRAI 

SOUTH ATLANTIC, 
SOUTH CENTRAL.- 

PLATEAU 

PACIFIC _ _ 



PER CENT 

JO 40 00 




20 -10 60 



Per cent of workers engaged in manufacturing 
in each section of the United States 



the chief producers of each of the leading 
raw materials ? (4) What manufacturing in- 
dustry of New England obtains much of its 
raw material in that section ? (5) Which 
city of New England is the chief market for 
hides and leather ? (6) What things have 
helped to make Boston the leading seaport 
of New England ? 

On the map on the following page notice 
how the railroad lines from all the New Eng- 
land states converge at Boston. Trace the 
railroad route from your home to one or 
more of the following places : Boston, Port- 
land, Manchester, Burlington, Providence, 
and Hartford. Trace a railroad from Bur- 
lington, Vermont, to New London, Connecti- 
cut; from New Haven, Connecticut, to Ban- 
gor, Maine. 



STATES 

NEW ENGLAND 

MIDDLE ATLANTIC 
NORTH CENTRAL. 
SOUTH ATLANTIC 
SOUTH CENTRAL.. 

PLATEAU 

PACIFIC. 




Per cent of urban population in 
each section of the United States 



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Transportation map of New England 




GEOGRAPHY OF MAINE 



By Edward E. Philbrook 

Professor of Geography, Eastern State Normal School, Castine, Maine 



HISTORY 

The first English settlement in Maine was 
established in 1607, at " Sagadahock," on 
the western side of the entrance to the Ken- 
nebec River, under charge of George Popham 
and Raleigh Gilbert, a brother of Sir Hum- 
phrey. The first winter was severe and many 
settlers died, so the survivors returned to 
England the following summer. In 1622 a 
permanent settlement was made at Mon- 
hegan and the next year one was made at 
Saco. 

In 1622 John Mason and Ferdinando 
Gorges received from the English king a 
grant of land lying between the Merrimac 
and Kennebec rivers. In 1629 this territory 
was divided between the two, Gorges re- 
ceiving the part which lies between the Pis- 
cataqua and the Kennebec. In 1639 he ob- 
tained a charter from the king which gave 



him almost absolute authority over the 
province. 

In 1652 Maine came under the control of 
the Massachusetts colony. From this time 
Maine was governed from Boston until [820, 
when it was admitted to the Union as a state. 

The boundary between Maine and Canada 
was a subject of dispute for many years be- 
tween the United States and Great Britain, 
and was not finally settled until [842. 

During the period of the Colonial wars 
Maine suffered much from the Indians, but 
after the Treaty of 17 s ;, the .settlement of 
tins region steadily progressed. Emigration 
was especially active from the coast region 
of Massachusetts to the shims of Maine. 
I he irregularity of the coast line made summer 
voyages in small craft easy and safe, while the 
prolific sea life insured abundant and whole- 
some food. Thus the islands and the coast 
are the oldest settled portions of the state. 




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GEOGRAPHY OF MAINE 



POSITION AND SIZE 

Maine is the most northeasterly of the 
I nited States. South of it is the Atlantic 
< >cean, and Canada lies on the east and 
north, and more than half of the western 
frontier. 

Maine lies between 43 6' and 47 27' 33" 
north latitude and between 67 and jo° 37' 
uest longitude. 

A railway journey from Kitterv by way 
of Portland and Bangor to Fort Kent occu- 
pies about i<S hours. 

The area of Maine is about one half that 
of New England as a whole. Of the total 
population of the six states, Maine has only 
about one eighth. 

Among all the states of the Union, Maine 
ranks thirty-ninth in size, being about twenty- 
six and one half times larger than Rhode 
Island, the smallest state; while Texas, the 
largest, has room within its limits for about 
eight states of the size of Maine (Sec. 84). 

RELIEF AND DRAINAGE 

From the White Mountains of New Hamp- 
shire the mountain belt of the Appalachian 
Highland extends through northwest Maine, 
thus making this part of the state a very 
rough region. Mt. katahdin 1 5 , S 5 ft.), one 
o| the peaks of this mountainous section, 
is the highest point in the state. Situated 
in this belt are many of the large lakes 



of the state. That part of the state which 
lies to the southeast of the mountainous 
region is an upland which slopes toward the 
ocean. 

The surface of Maine has been extensively 
eroded by the great ice sheet of the glacial 
period which moved over this region from 
north to south. After the ice melted awav it 
left a layer of glacial drift spread out over 
most of the surface. In the valleys the de- 
posits of drift are deep. On the sides of hills 
and mountains the layer of drift is thin, and 
many of the highest parts are bare. In places 
the drift is piled up in moraines and rounded 
hills called kames. In many places the 
glacial drift dammed the valleys, forming 
numerous lakes and diverting the streams 
from their old courses. In the new courses 
of the rivers are many falls which furnish a 
large amount of water power. Thus some 
of the most beautiful and most useful features 
of Maine are due to glacial ice. 

After the moving ice sheet had deepened 
and widened the valleys, the land lowered so 
that the sea entered them, forming the many 
drowned valleys along the coast. The high- 
est points of land between the valleys were 
not entirely covered by water, and they 
stand to-day above the level of the sea as 
islands. 1 he broken surface of the coast 
region has formed many fine harbors on 
which are situated most of the large cities 
of Maine. The wonderful beauty of most 




1 Harbor, from Mnlvim Hill 



GEOGRAPHY OF MAINE 



of the coast of Maine has contributed largely 
to its popularity as a summer resort (Fig. 109). 
The distance in a straight line from the south- 
west extremity of the coast to its southeast 
limit is about 218 miles, but due to its great 
irregularity the total length of the coast line 
is over 2500 miles. 

The largest rivers of Maine are the Saco, 
Androscoggin, Kennebec, Penobscot, Machias, 
and the St. Croix, which forms part of the 
eastern boundary of the state. Most of the 
northern part of the state is drained by 
tributaries of the River St. John. Of these 
tributaries the Aroostook is the largest. The 
Penobscot and the Kennebec are the most 
useful for shipping. 

Maine has thousands of lakes and ponds, 
which vary in size from hundreds of square 
miles to a few acres. Moosehead is the 
largest. These beautiful lakes and streams 
attract thousands of visitors to the state 
each year (Figs. 87, 101). 

Questions and Exercises. — 1. What part of 
Maine is mountainous ? 2. What and where is 
the highest mountain of the state ? 

3. What surface features are due to the ice 
sheet that once covered the state ? 

4. Account for the irregular coast line of Maine. 

5. What surface features have much 
to do in making Maine a great summer 
resort ? 

6. What uses are made of the rivers of 
Maine? 

7. In the drainage basin of what river 
is your home located ? 

CLIMATE 

Maine lies in the region of the 
prevailing westerlies, as may be seen 
in fine weather by the majestic pro- 
cession of high clouds from west to 
east (Sec. 29). Many of the cyclonic 
storms of the westerly winds pass 
over Maine and bring frequent 
changes of weather. In summer 
the temperature is delightful, but in 
winter the cold is often intense. The 



cool summers help to attract thousands of 
tourists to the state every year. 

Due to the prevailing winds, the ocean 
does not have a great influence on the climate 
of Maine. However, its influence is felt in a 
narrow belt along the coast. Here the sum- 
mers are cooler and the winters are milder 
than they are in the interior of the state. 

The growing season in Maine varies from 
about 150 days along the coast to about 120 
days in the northern part (Fig. 71). 

Along the coast of Maine the annual rain- 
fall is about 45 inches, in the middle belt of 
the state it is about 40 inches, and in the 
northern part it is about 35 inches. It is 
distributed somewhat evenly through the 
year, and long droughts are practically un- 
known. 

Questions and Exercises. — I. From what direc- 
tion do the prevailing winds blow in Maine ? 

2. What part of Maine has the greatest rain- 
fall ? What part has the least rainfall ? 

3. What influences does the ocean have upon 
the climate of Maine ? 

4. What kind of climate would Maine have 
if the prevailing winds came from the ocean ? 

5. What is the length of the growing season 
along the coast of Maine? In the northern part 
of the state ? 




IO 



GEOGRAPHY OF MAINE 



MINERALS 

Granite is the most valuable building stone 
in Maine. Occurring as it does on the coast, 
as at Vinalhaven and Stonington, and on the 
rivers, as at Hallowell and Frankfort, the 
problem of transportation to distant markets 
is solved by the use of the sea. 

Slate for roofing and other uses is found in 
Piscataquis County, in the towns of Monson, 
Brovvnville, and Blanchard. 

Limestone is found in many parts of Maine, 

but the best rock for 

lime making is found 
in Knox County, cen- 
tering in the city of 
Rockland and the 
towns of Thomaston, 
Rockport, and Cam- 
den. The shipment 
of lime is greatly fa- 
cilitated by nearness 
to good harbors. 

Clay for bnckmaking is found in nearly 
everj part of the state. 

Oxford County furnishes valuable tourma- 
lines, beryls, and amethysts (Sec. 94). 

FISH AND GAME 

In the early days of settlement, the rivers, 
the shore line, and the off-shore waters of 
Maine teemed with the most valuable of 
sea toods. Salmon and shad, during the 
spawning season, swarmed in tin- Kennebec, 
Penobscot, and other streams. Clams, scal- 
lops, and lobsters insured 10 the first settlers 
an abundant food supply, and rod. haddock, 
and mackerel wen caughl in unlimited num- 
b< 1 s a few miles of) t he coasi . 

Reckless fishing has almost ruined these 
importanl industries, F01 example, herring 
au- in dangei ol becoming extinct, yei :ai 
dim s small Ik 1 1 ing i aie still packed i" a 
1 extern in Maim 1 ban in am oi her re- 
gion of tin I nited Stati s. fhe state govei n- 



ment is trying to regulate fishing, and with 
the help of the National Government, to 
restore this source of food by restocking the 
waters with fish and lobsters. 

The chief fishing centers are Portland, 
Boothbay Harbor, Rockland, Vinalhaven, 
Mount Desert, and Eastport. 

The vast Maine woods are one of the 
greatest game regions in America. The 
hunter of moose and deer is sure to find those 
animals with now and then a bear, and the 
innumerable lakes and streams yield an 

abundance of fish to 




A hunters' camp in the Maine woods 



the skillful angler. 

AGRICULTURE 

The soils of Maine 
are of glacial origin. 
The upland have a 
thin and compara- 
tively barren soil, and 
in places the surface 
consists of bare rock. The belts of alluvial 
soil in the river valleys are the best agri- 
cultural districts in the state. The valley 
of the Aroostook is one of the largest areas 
of fertile farm land in New England. 

About one third ol the land surface of 
Maine is in farms and about two fifths of 
the farm land is improved. A large part 
of northern Maine is still in woods and 
very little of the surface lias been cleared 
for farming. 

I he leading field crops ol Maine are hay, 
potatoes, oats, and corn. Vpples are the 
chief orchard fruit, and strawberries are the 
most important of the small fruits. Peas and 
In .ins grow well, and buckwheat ami barlej 
are raised to some extent. Ila\ is the chut 
crop ami grows well in all parts of the state. 
Most of the potatoes are jj,rown in the Aroos- 
took valley, although thej grow well in other 
1 1 ion s of the State. Maine ranks fourth m 
the yield of potatoes, being outranked In New 
link, Michigan, and Wisconsin. In yield 



GEOGRAPHY OF MAINE 



1 1 




of potatoes per acre Maine ranks first. In 
the northern part of the state the growing 
season is too short for the successful raising 
of corn. The production of this crop to-day 
is only about half that of thirty years ago. 
The value of sweet corn raised for canning 
far exceeds that of field corn. Very little 
wheat is grown, and the state draws upon 
other states, chiefly those of the Middle West, 
for its supply of flour. 

Many of the hillsides in Maine are well 
adapted to apple growing, the possibilities 
of which have hardly begun to be realized. 

Owing to the distance from large markets, dustries. In the northern part of the state 
Maine does little truck farming. are great areas of forests suitable tor lumber- 



Hay, potatoes, and apples are 
the chief farm products exported 
from the state. 

The most important farm 
animals of Maine are horses, 
cattle, poultry, sheep, and hogs. 
The raising of poultry is increas- 
ing, while that of sheep and 
hogs is decreasing. The chief 
animal products sold from the 
farms of the state are eggs and 
butter. 

Questions. — I. Where are the 
most fertile areas of the state ? 

2. What are the leading crops of Maine? 

3. Where is the great potato-growing area of 
the state ? 

4. What are the chief animal products of the 
farms of Maine ? 

MANUFACTURING 

The leading manufactured products of 
Maine are wood pulp and paper, lumber and 
other wood products, cotton goods, woolen 
goods, boots and shoes, and canned goods. 

The forests of Maine furnish the raw mate- 
rials for the two leading manufacturing in- 




12 



GEOGRAPHY OF MAINE 




ing operations. The most important trees 
of Maine are white pine, spruce, fir, hemlock, 
larch, white cedar, and birch. From spruce 
and other woods with long fibers the pulp and 
paper mills turn out an annual product of 
more than #20,000,000 in value. The largest 
pulp and paper mills are located at Rumford, 
Millinocket, Winslow, Woodland, Jay, and 
Madison (Sees. 92, 93). The value of the 
products of the sawmills and wood-working 
plants ranks next to that of the pulp and 
paper mills. Bangor is the leading center 
of lumber manufacture. 

The manufacture of cotton goods ranks 
third amon» the manufacturing industries of 
Maine. Lewiston, Biddeford, Augusta, and 
Waterville are the chief centers of this in- 
dustry. Woolen goods are made at San- 
dford, Lisbon, Skowhegan, Pittsheld, Dexter, 
and many smaller towns. Auburn is the 
leading center in the manu- 
facture of boots and shoes. 

Maine is one of the leading 
stairs in the canning indus- 
try. I he principal branch 
<>t this industry in Maim is 
t In canning of fish and clams. 
Maine cans about nine tenths 

ot t he s.n dines canned in 1 he 
I nited St at< I asi port is 
the 1 hit 1 « 1 nter <>l sai dine 
canning. Swe< 1 corn is the 
1 impoi tani vegel abli 



canned, and in the produc- 
tion of canned corn Maine 
stands second, Illinois being 
first. An important industry 
in Aroostook County is the 
manufacture of starch from 
potatoes. Maine produces 
four fifths of all the potato 
starch made in the United 
States, and three fourths of 
this is made in that county. 
The rivers of Maine with 
their many falls and rapids 
furnish a large amount of water power. 
Although the larger part of its water power 
is undeveloped, Maine ranks third among 
the states in the utilization of this source 
of energy. Water power is being used for 
the development of electrical energy which 
is used in propelling trains, lighting towns, 
and driving machinery in factories. Water 
power has located many of the woolen towns ; 
and many of the pulp and paper mills and 
cotton mills are located at waterfalls. 

Questions and Exercises. — I. Name the most 
important manufactured products of Maun-. 
2. Which of the leading industries obtain their 
raw materials from the state ? 

3. Make a list of the wood products that are 
manufactured in the state. 4. What cities are 
important centers of pulp and paper making? 

5. Name several cotton-manufacturing centers. 

6. Account for rlie importance of starch 
manufacturing 111 Aroostook County. 




1 pulp mill in Maine 



GEOGRAPHY OF MAINE 



13 




Vessels taking on cargoes of lumber, Bangor 



TRANSPORTATION 

Maine lies on the ocean 
and has abundance of excel- 
lent harbors practically free 
from obstruction by ice. 
Every part of the shore line is 
in connection by steamer with 
Portland, Boston, New York, 
and the ports of the maritime 
provinces of Canada, making 
the coasting schooner almost 
a thing of the past. Regular 
lines of steamers for passen- 
gers and freight between Bos- 
ton, Portland, Bath, Bangor, 
and Eastport are able to com- 
pete successfully with the rail- 
roads running along the shore. 

The first railway connecting Boston and built. In 1893 this road reached Houlton, 
Portland by way of Portsmouth, New Hamp- and in 1902 extended to Fort Kent at the 
shire, was built in 1842. From Portland, northern border ol the state, 
lines were gradually extended northward and Nearly all of the railroad mileage of Maine 

eastward, following mainly the valleys ot the belongs to the following railroads: Maine 
Androscoggin, Kennebec, and Penobscot Central, Boston and Maine, Bangorand Aioos- 
rivers. The northern part of Maine was took, Grand Trunk, and Canadian Pacific, 
brought in direct touch with the coast when The Maine Central Railroad connects the 
the Bangor and Aroostook Railroad was coast cities, and branch lines following the 

river valleys north- 
ward bring the interior 
of the state in touch 
with the coast. ( >ne 
line of the Maine Cen- 
tral runs northward 
from Portland through 
New Hampshire to the 
Connecticut Valley. 
The lines of the Hus- 
ton and Maine con- 
met Portland ami 
other points in the 
southwestern corner 
of Maine with Pprts- 
mouth, Dover, Boston, 
ami other cities to the 
wist and the south- 

xiii 




H 



GEOGRAPHY OF MAINE 



Hubbard Hall, Bowdoin Colleg' 



west. The Bangor and Aroostook Railroad 
extends northward from Searsport and 
Bangor to the Aroostook Valley and other 
sections ot northern Maine. 
The Grand Trunk extends 
from Canada through Vermont ' 
and New Hampshire to Port- 
land. The Canadian Pacific 
crosses the state from east to 
west, passing through Bound- 
ing and Vanceboro and along 
the southern shore of Schoodic 
and Moosehead lakes. 

Questions. — i. Name the most 
important railroads of Maine. 

2. Through what cities do you 
pass in traveling from Portland 
to Eastport ? 

3. Trace the railroad route 
between Fort Kent and Sears- 
port. 

4. What transportation lines connect Port- 
land with other cities of New England ? 

GOVERNMENT AND EDUCATION 

Government. — The legislature of Maine 
consists of a senate of 31 members and a 
house of representatives of 151 members. 
Members of tin- legislature are elected by the 
people for a term of two years. The sessions 
of the legislature are held biennially, in odd- 
numbered 5 l.ll s. 

The executive department is vested in a 
governor, elected by the people for two years, 
at the same time as the election of tin legis- 
lature. When the legislature meets, it 
chooses, by joint ballot, a council of seven 
nun, who are the official advisers of the 
governor. The legislature, also by joint bal- 
lot, chooses a secretarj of state, a state 
treasurer, an attornej general, and .1 com- 
missioner of agriculture. The other officers 
ul this department are appointed hv the 
governor, with th< advice and consent of the 
council. 

\t the head ol the judicial department is 
'In supremi judicial court, consisting <>t a 




chief justice and seven associate justices, 
appointed by the governor and council for 
seven years. In Cumberland and Kennebec 
counties are superior courts 
with judges appointed in the 
same way as the judge of the 
supreme court. There are also 
lesser courts presided over bv 
police and municipal judges 
and trial justices. 

The county has a relatively 
subordinate part in local 
affairs. The sheriff and county 
attorney are county officials 
and are elected by the people 
of each county. The counties 
are divided into towns, many 
of which have been incorpo- 
rated as cities. The town is 
the initial unit of government 
in Maine. In the open town meeting is 
found the nearest approach to a purely demo- 
cratic form of government. The city is a 
representative type of government, in which 
the people give over direct part in the admin- 
istration of affairs to a mayor, a board of 
aldermen, and a common council ; sometimes 
this second body is dispensed with, eight of 
the twenty cities in Maine having only a board 
of aldermen, the others having both. 
The capital of Maine is Augusta. 
Maine is represented in Congress by two 
senators and four representatives. 

Education. — In nearly all towns of Maine, 
children have the privileges of over thirty 
weeks of school in a year. The towns are 
required bj law to furnish free textbooks to 
all pupils. The teacher in rhe public school 
must be at least seventeen years of age, must 
have completed a standard high school or 
acadcim course, and must hold a state cer- 
tificate. A state law makes possible the 
superintendence of all common schools bj 
named nun. 

I In second. n \ schools hail their beginning 
in the academies, >>t' which now forty-eight 



GEOGRAPHY OF MAINE 



are helping to educate the youth ot 
the state. These are supplemented 
by free public high schools in all 
the cities, the larger villages, and 
many of the towns. 

For the training of teachers the 
state maintains five normal schools, 
located respectively at Farmington, 
Castine, Gorham, Presque Isle, and 
Machias. The state maintains also 
the Madawaska Training School at 
Fort Kent. 

Institutions of higher learning are 
the following : Bowdoin College at 
Brunswick, Co by College at Water- 
ville, Bates College at Lewiston, and 
the University of Maine at Orono. 




State highway, Portland 



POPULATION AND CITIES sco t River, is the chief center of the lumber in- 

The population of Maine in 1910 was dustr >' The Penobscot and its tributaries bring 

r , 1 1 ir i- 1 • 1 to the city enormous numbers of logs from the 

742,371, ot whom about one halt lived in the c c - , \/i ■ tl j 1 

. . 1 1 -H torest ot northern Maine. thus situated at the 

cities and larger villages and about one halt tidewater outlet of a great lumbering region, this 

in rural territory. Of the population of city is one of the greatest lumber markets of the 



Maine 66.7 per cent are native whites of 
native parentage, 18 per cent are native born 
of foreign parentage, while only 14 per cent 
are of foreign birth. 

Portland, the largest and most important 



world. In addition to the many sawmills, Bangor 
has shoe factories, trunk factories, and wool- 
pulling carding mills. Near the city are large 
pulp and paper mills. 

Biddeford is situated on the Saco River, six 
miles from the sea. The falls of the Saco furnish 



city in Maine, is distinctly commercial in its a large amount of power for manufacturing. The 

origin, being located on one of the best chief manufactured products are cotton cloth, 

harbors on the North Atlantic coast. The lumber ' and machinery. Near the cities are large 

Gi t 101 c r^ j u granite quarries, 

rand 1 runk Railway of Lanada brings its . . • , , . , 

- 1 • • 1 Auburn, situated on the Androscoggin, opposite 

winter business to Portland and it is the Lewiston, is the chief city of Maine in the manu- 

only city of New England, outside of facture of boots and shoes. Other manufactured 

Boston, having regular transatlantic lines products are cotton goods, lumber, wooden boxes, 

of steamers. In value of manufactured and carriages. 

products it ranks first in the state. The city Augusta the capital, is situated on the Kennebec 

, - r 1 1 • 1 • 11 1 at the head of navigation. Water power from the 

has a beautiful location, and is well kept. f;iUs (>f the , ivtT js 1|S( . (i ,„ r|u . manufacture f 

Lewiston, on the Androscoggin River, is the cotton goods, wood pulp and paper, and other 
second city in size. The falls here afford a large products. Printing and publishing is the most 
amount of power that has been utilized by the important industry. The granite in tin- 
industries of the city. Its chief industry is the capitol came from quarries neai the city. 
manufacture of cotton cloth. Other manufactured Waterville, on the Kennebec, has large cotton 



products are woolen cloth, lumber, flour, boots and 
shoes, and machinery. The city also has large 
bleacheries and dye works. 
Bangor, at the head of navigation on the Penob- 



and woolen mills, car shops, flour mills, and saw- 
mills. In Winslow. opposite Waterville, are pulp 
and paper mills. Colby College and the v'ohiiin 
Classical Institute are located in Waterville. 



i6 



GEOGRAPHY OF MAINE 



General Review. — i. Describe the surface of 
Maine. 

2. Account for the many waterfalls of the state. 

3. What conditions make the state so desir- 
able as a summer resort ? 

4. Make a list of the agricultural, mineral, 
marine, and manufactured products ot Maine. 

5. Why is Maine not a great grain-growing 
state like those of the North Central group? 

6. What are the two most important manufac- 
turing industries of the state? Account for their 
importance. 

7. What manufacturing industries of the 
state are located in the large cities : Why ? 

8. Locate the ten largest cities of Maine. 

TABLES 

Table I.— Counties of Maine 



County 



York . . 

Lincoln 
Cumberland 
Hancock . 



Area 



989 

457 

853 

1,522 

\\ ashington . . . . 2,528 



Kennebec 

1 beford. 
Somersi 1 
Penobscot 
Waldo . 
I ranklin 

Piscataquis .... 3,770 
\i-i istook .... 0,4; j 
Androscoggin 
Sagadahoc 
Knox 



879 
[,980 
(,633 
J.2S8 

7-4 
1,789 



459 

-50 

i 5 1 



Population 

1910 



68,526 

18,216 
I 12,014 

(5,575 
42,905 
62,863 
36,256 
36,301 
85,285 
23,383 

I9»"9 
19,887 
74»664 
59,822 
18,574 
28,981 



Shire Town 



Ufred 
\\ iscasset 
Portland 
Ellsworth 
Machias 

Augusta 

Paris 

Skowhegan 

Bangoi 

Belfast 

Farmington 

Dovei 

Houlton 

Auburn 

Barb 

Rockland 



I \i:i.i II -Population (1910) of Li vding Citu s 
and I OWNS 



Portland (city) . . 

Bang ' ) ■ • 

\ubui • • 

Augu 

\\ aten illi ii 

Bath 

Sanford (town 

Wesi I 

Rockland ■ i( 

Portland (cit 
Rum ford I tow n 
\ n 
. 
( >ldl 

I 1 . niton I tOW 1 



58.57' 
26,247 

I7.°7<> 
15,064 

1 ;,2i i 

9,049 
8,281 
8,174 

) 7.471 

(,.1 16 
5,845 



Brewer (city) . . 5,667 

Caribou 1 town . 5,377 

Skowhegan (town 5,34' 

Presque Isli I tow n) ;.i 79 

1 iardini 1 citj ;, ; 1 1 
ort (city) 

(.,618 

town) . 4,441 

I .hi in 1,1 tow 11 1*435 

Fori I .hi field town |. ] - li 

Lisbon tow n) 4.1 10 

Fori K. in tow n ' . 3,710 

< trono tow n ;,; ;; 

I- llsworth (city) 1,549 

K111. ry (town) . . 1,533 

Dextei town) . . (,530 

town). . . i.j;<> 

Madison town) (,379 



Table III.— Places whose Population was Esti- 
mated by U. S. Census Bureau in 1915 



Portland . . . 


63,014 


Augusta . 


. 14,015 


Lewiston . 


27,557 


\\ aterville 


12,501 


Bangor 


26,360 


Sanford 1 row n 


. 10,615 


Biddeford . 


17.570 


Westbrook . . 


. 8,807 


Auburn 


16,179 


Rockland . 


. 8,184 



Table IV. — Agricultural Products, k*io 



Crops 



All crops .... 
Hav and forage . 
Potatoes . . . . 

Oats 

Corn 

Beans 

Buckwheat 

Wheat 

Barlev 

Peas. 

Live Stock 

All domestic animals 

Horses 

Cattle 

Swine 

Sheep 

Poultrj . . . . . 
Bees 






$39,317,647 

15,115,821 

10.224,714 

2,293,947 

434,834 

275,334 

189,516 

9L554 

86,230 

10,134 



Leading County 



Aroostook 
Aroostook 

Aroostook 

Oxford 

Penobscot 

Aroostook 
Aroostook 
Aroostook 
Aroostook 



$23,989,561 

14,364,756 

7,784,384 

948,094 

813,976 
1,131,921 

40.35 7 



Aroostook 
Aroostook 
Penobscot 
Aroostook 
Kenn< bi 1 

Cumberland 
Aroostook 



11. Products 



Dairy products 
Poultry and eggs 

Wool . . . . 

I loney and w .i\ . 



$8,079,692 

3,386,865 

253,775 

20,686 



Penobscot 
Cumberland 
Kennebec 
\roostook 



I'aiu.i V. Li \di\i; Mam i- u I'URES 



All industrii s 

Paper and wood pulp . 
Lumber and timbi 1 products 

Cotton goods 

\\ 1 11 ilen gi ods 

I li 1 i! 5 and shoes 

Canning and presen ing . 
Foundrj and machine shop 

products 

I loui mill and grist mill 

products 

Printing and publishing . 
Ship and boat building 
Mai ble and stone woi k 
Bread and other bakery 

products 



Number ot 

■IENTS 



1,546 

4; 

1 ,065 

16 

65 

55 

24s 

12; 

17.? 
195 

156 

14- 
186 



• f Products 



$1 76,029,000 
j ),95O,O00 
26,] :;,cco 
21 ,ij;,2,cco 
iS,4«,o,cco 
1 ;,;cq,ooo 

".' s,),CCO 

;.:;7,ooo 

4,507,000 
;.| ;S,coo 
|,i <>:.ooo 
2,565,000 

2,;;;,ooo 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE 



By Wallace E. Mason 

Principal, Keene Normal School, Keenc, New Hampshire 



HISTORY 

Captain John Mason, an English merchant 
and shipmaster who at one time was governor 
of Portsmouth in Hampshire, England, is 
regarded as the founder of New Hampshire, 
naming the colony and its seaport after the 
English county and port. 

In 1622 the land between the Merrimac 
and Kennebec rivers was granted to Mason 

and Gorges. In 1629 the 

grant was divided and Mason 
received the tract between 
the Merrimac and Piscata- 
qua rivers. The first settle- 
ment within the area that is 
now New Hampshire was 
made near the mouth of the 
Piscataqua in 1623. About 
the same time Dover was 
settled ; and Exeter was 
founded in 1633. In 1641- 
1643 New Hampshire came 
under the control of Massa- 
chusetts, but in 1680 it was 
separated from the Puritan 
colony and made a royal 
province. In 1689 New 
Hampshire again came un- 
der the control of Massa- 
chusetts and remained so 
until 1 741, when it once more became a 
separate province. 

During the wars between the English and 
French, the settlements in New Hampshire 
were frequently attacked by bands of Indians 
from Canada. In the French and Indian 
War New Hampshire troops did valiant serv- 
ice in the English attacks upon the French 
in Canada. In this war Stark and many miles. 




others received military experience which was 
of great value to the colonists during the 
Revolutionary War. 

In 1775 New Hampshire declared her in- 
dependence of Great Britain, and was the first 
colony to adopt a state constitution. The 
state was the ninth to ratify the Federal Con- 
stitution in 1788. 

Questions. — 1. When was your town founded ? 
2. From where did the early settlers come? 

3. What historic buildings 
or monuments are there in 



Statue of General Stark, Concord 



voin town 



? 



4. What interest- 
ing historic events have taken 



place in your locality 



? 



POSITION, FORM, AND 
SIZE 

New Hampshire is the 
middle state of the northern 
group of New England 
states. It is triangular in 
shape and extends from lati- 
tude 42 + o'N. to 45 18' N. 
The most eastern point of 
the state is in longitude 70 
37' W. The most western 
point is 72 37' W. The 
western boundary of New 
Hampshire is the west bank 
of the Connecticut River. 
The area of New Hampshire is 9341 square 
miles. It is 223 square miles smaller than 
Vermont, 1073 square miles larger than 
Massachusetts, and nearly eight times as 
large as Rhode Island. The greatest dis- 
tance from north to south is [82 miles. 
The width of the state from the Atlantic 
coast to the Connecticut River is about 90 



i8 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE 






Presidential Range, from Bretton Woods. Mount Was 



•ton is the high pea 



RELIEF AND DRAINAGE 

An upland belt extends north and south 
throughout the full length of New Hampshire. 
The highest and most rugged portion of this 
upland region is known as the White Moun- 
tains. The name. White Mountains, how- 
ever, is often applied to the whole of the up- 
land belt. On the west side of the upland 
area is the Connecticut Valley ; on the eastern 
side is a hilly lowland. Thus the state is 
divided into three belts, an upland and two 
bordering lowlands. 

The highest part of the White Mountains 
is the Presidential Range. On this range 
are many high peaks, five of which are more 




than one mile above sea level. These are Mt. 
Washington, Mt. Adams, Mt. Jefferson, Mt. 
Monroe, and Mt. Madison. Mt. Wash- 
ington, which has an elevation of 6290 feet, 
is the highest peak in the northern Appala- 
chian highland. In the southern part of New 
Hampshire are several isolated peaks which 
rise considerably above the general level of 
the upland region. The most famous of these 
is Monadnock Mountain, which is 3166 feet 
above sea level. 

The grandeur of the White Mountains 

combined with the charm and beauty of the 

lakes has given New Hampshire the name of 

Switzerland of America." I housands of 

people, attracted by its beautiful scenery and 

cool air. spend then summer 

vacation within its borders. 

Three deep passes in north- 
ern New Hampshire connect 
the Connecticut \ allt 3 w ith 
the lowland on the east side 
of the White Mountains. 

These ll.l\ e h( ell Cai V id OUt 

by the streams. The most 
sout Ini n ill 1 lies t passes has 
been formed bj the Saco 
River and the Lower \111- 
monoosuc. I he summit of 
the pass is .11 Crawford 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE 



19 



House. It is the divide be- 
tween the Saco and Gibbs 
Brook, which is one of the 
headwaters of the Lower Am- 
monoosuc. The part ot the 
pass which has been cut by 
the Saco is a deep, narrow 
gorge, called Crawford Notch. 
The next pass is formed by 
the Moose and Israel rivers. 
The northernmost of these 
three passes is formed by the 
Androscoggin and Upper 
Ammonoosuc rivers. I hese 
passes serve as railroad routes 
through the mountains. 

The entire surface of New 
Hampshire was covered with 
ice during the Glacial Period. 
The effects of the ice are evident in many 
parts of the state. The soil is of glacial ori- 
gin, having been derived from the granite by 
the grinding action of the glacial ice as it 
moved southward. Glacial scratches are 
found on many of the uncovered ledges. 
Many bowlders are found in the state. 
These were torn loose from ledges in Canada 
and carried southward bv the ice. 




Questions. —1 . What river drains Connecticut 
Lake ? (See double-page map of New Hampshire 
and Vermont.) 2. On a map of New England trace 
the courses of the Androscoggin and Saco rivers to 
the sea. 3. What river drains Ossipee Lake? 

4. Trace the course of the Upper Ammonoosuc 
from its source to its mouth. 5. Trace the course 
of the Lower Ammonoosuc. 6. What other 
tributaries of the Connecticut are in New Hamp- 
shire ? 7. What river drains Lake Sunapee ? 




20 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE 



8. What two rivers unite to form the Merri- 
mac ? 9. Trace the limits of the area drained 
by the Merrimac. 10. Trace the course of the 
Contoocook River. 1 1. What river flows into the 
Merrimac at Nashua ? 

12. What rivers form part of the boundary 
between New Hampshire and Maine? 

CLIMATE 

New Hampshire has cold winters and mild 

summers. In winter 20 below zero is not 

uncommon, and 40 below zero is sometimes 

reported. In the northern part of the state, . % c 1? «. „ 1 i_ j 

K \ 111 thev were before, forest removal also de 

because of its greater elevation and latitude, ^1 1 . c ■ T 

& ' strovs the beautv 01 mountain scenery. In 

the winters are more severe and the summers 1 1 . .1 n r „„_„_• „»_„ 

order to regulate the now 01 water in streams, 

cooler than in the southern part. Along the L -i .1 

. . y & protect the soil against erosion, preserve the 

coast the moderating influence of the ocean ■ ■ 1 • r . 1 

. ,• ■ , , natural beautv, and insure a future supply 

is felt for some distance inland. ,- , ■ l 1? j 1 r- ~ . : u 

ot lumber, the federal Government is buying 

1 he length of the growing season varies , f • ■ 1 1 1 • ,1 itti • 

. . , . r large tracts ot timbered land in the \\ lute 

from 120 days in the northern part of the state A /r j c ^u ■ - 1 

K Mountains and forming them into a national 

to 160 days along the coast. 



if it were kept in forest. Much of the wood- 
land has been deforested by methods of lum- 
bering that destroyed the young trees, and 
large tracts have been denuded of trees by 
forest fires. 

On the mountain slopes where the forests 
are cut down the soil is soon washed away by 
rain, and in a short time nothing but the bare 
rock is left. Then the steep slopes will not 
support even trees, and it becomes a desolate 
waste. Floods, too, are greater in mountain 
streams after the forests are removed than 



The average rainfall for the state is about 
40 inches. On the mountains it is 50 inches 
or more. The rainfall is evenly distributed 
through the four seasons, although the sum- 
mer has a little more rain than any yf the other 
seasons. Injurious droughts are quite rare. 
I he annual snowfall vanes from four feet 
along the coast to eight feet in the northern 
part. On the mountains it is ten feet or more. 
In the northern part of the state there are 
usually four months of sleighing; in the cen- 
tral part, three months; and m tin south- 
ern pair, two months or less. I he deep con- 
tinuous snow of rhe northern section is of 
great benefit to lumbermen. 

The prevailing winds of the southeastern 
p. nt of the st.it> .in from the southeast. In 
the Connecticut Vallej the prevailing winds 
are from the southwest. 

I ORES'! S AND GAME 



forest. The present national forest is about 
a quarter of a million acres and includes the 
slopes of Mt. Washington, Mt. Jefferson, and 
Mt. Adams. Crawford Notch is owned by 
the state. 

The most important timber trees of New 
Hampshire are spruce, fir, pine, birch, maple, 
and beech. In rhe northern part of the state 
about one fifth of the land is still covered with 
virgin forests, and in these woodlands are 
most of the lumbering operations ot the state 
(Fig. 104). The abundance ot spruce in this 
region accounts for the rapid growth ot Berlin, 
with its great wood pulp and paper mills. 
Second-growth pine provides raw material 
for many box factories over the stare. Chan 
factories make use of birch and maple. 

Questions and Exercises. 1. Make a collec- 
tion of th> various kinds of \\>»>il in your county. 
2. What factories in your localitj use wood? 
5. Wli.it kinds do they use and what wood prod- 
uct s d>> thev manufaci ure f 



Forests. About two fifths of the surface Game. The only large animals left in 

of New Hampshire is timbei land. This the woods of New Hampshire are bears and 

ana is so rugged that it is not suitable for deer. The former are verj scarce, but the 

cultun and would be more productive latter are numerous, and they do a great dial 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE 



21 



of damage to the young apple trees and grow- 
ing crops. There is a short " open season " 
in the fall during which hunters who obtain a 
license are privileged to shoot deer. 1 his 
brings a great many hunters into the state. 
Nearly every stream in the state offers good 
opportunities for trout fishing, while the 
lakes are visited every year by hundreds of 
sportsmen who secure fine catches of trout, 
bass, pickerel, salmon, and perch. 

MINERAL WEALTH 

The chief mineral wealth of New Hamp- 
shire lies in its deposits of granite. There 
are many quarries of this stone, the most 
important being near Concord, Milford, 
North Conway, and Fitzwilham. The granite 
is used for monuments and buildings. The 
second largest granite-cutting shed in the 
United States is located at Keene. The 
Fitzwilham granite is brought here for 
cutting. 

In many parts of the state are beds of clay 
which is used mainly in the manufacture of 
brick. The principal brick-making plants 
are in Strafford and Rockingham counties. 

New Hampshire is one of the leading states 
in the production of mica. Valuable deposits 
are found in Grafton and Cheshire counties. 



Other mineral products of the state are fluor- 
spar, garnet, beryl, mineral waters, asbestos, 
talc, graphite, sand, and gravel. 

AGRICULTURE 

The surface of New Hampshire is too 
rugged to give the state a high place in agri- 
culture. About three fifths of the area of 
the state is in farms, but only a small part of 
the land can be successfull) tilled. Much 
of the surface is too steep and has too many 
bowlders for the use of farm machinery, and 
therefore most of the farm acreage is in 
meadow. The most fertile areas in New 
Hampshire are the belts of alluvial soil in the 
river valleys. 

The leading crops of New Hampshire are 
hay, potatoes, corn, and oats. Hay is by far 
the most important crop of the state, while 
the grain crops are relatively unimportant. 
According to the census of 1910, the acreage 
of hay was sixteen times that of all the cereal 
crops combined, and the value of the hay crop 
was nine times greater than the combined 
value of the cereal crops. In much of the 
state the summer is too cool for corn. Pota- 
toes, which thine in a cool climate, do well in 
New Hampshire. 1 he leading orchard fruits 
are apples, peaches, and pears. Strawberries 




22 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE 




fife £.;!, 




Dairv cattle 



are the most important of the- small fruits. 
The woodlots on New Hampshire farms yield 
maple sugar, firewood, posts, railroad ties, 
and many other forests products. 

The chief farm animals are horses, cattle, 
hogs, sheep, and poultry. The most produc- 
tive animals are dairy cattle, and dairy prod- 
ucts form an important source of revenue, 
their value exceeding five million dollars 
annually. Milk from New Hampshire is 
shipped to main of the large cities of New 
England and to New 'N ork. 



MANUFACTURING 

1 he chief manufac- 
turing section of New 
I [ampshire is the south- 
eastern part of the 
si ate. I he great water 
power of i he Merrim.ic 
detei mini d tin location 
of the man) manufac- 
turing pi. mts on its 
banks. I he Ymoskeag 
Falls .n Vlanchestei 
have .1 drop of 50 feet. 
\t Laconia the rivei 

descends I 50 feel 111 
one mile. At Nashua 



splendid water power from the Nashua River 
is available. The falls on the Cocheco River 
at Dover provide power for large textile mills. 
Many other falls and rapids on the smaller 
rivers of the state furnish power for a large 
number of manufacturing plants. 

The leading manufactured products are 
boots and shoes, cotton goods, woolen goods, 
lumber, and wood pulp and paper. Less 
important products are machinery, hosiery 
and knit goods, and Hour. 

The manufacture of hoots and shoes and 




GEOGRAPHY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE 



23 




connecting Portland and Boston ; 
others from Portsmouth and 
Boston extend northwestward 
across New Hampshire to the 
Connecticut Valley, where they 
connect with lines leading to Lake 
Champlain and Montreal. Other 
lines of this system follow the 
Connecticut Valley southward 
into Massachusetts and north- 
ward into Canada. 

The Maine Central runs north- 
westward from Portland, reaches 
the heart of the White Mountains 
by way of Crawford Notch, and 
textiles began in the early days of New continues to St. Johnsbury, Vermont, where 
Hampshire; and although the factories are it connects with railroads running to Lake 
far from the source of the raw materials, Champlain and Montreal. The Quebec line 
these industries are able to maintain them- of the Maine Central runs from Quebec June- 
selves successfully. tion in New Hampshire to Quebec, Canada. 
I he mills engaged in the manufacture of The Grand Trunk connecting Montreal 
lumber and wood pulp and paper are located with Portland, Maine, passes through the 
in the northern part of the state, near the northern part of New Hampshire. It crosses 
forests which furnish the raw materials of the state by way of the Upper Ammonoosuc 
these industries. and Androscoggin rivers. 

I he eight leading manufacturing cities of Portsmouth is the only seaport of New 



Amoskeag Mills. Manchester 



New Hampshire are Manchester, Nashua, 
Concord, Dover, Berlin, Laconia, Keene, and 
Portsmouth. Manchester stands far ahead 
of all the other cities, the value of its manu- 
factures exceeding that of the seven other 
industrial centers. 

Questions and Exercises. — I. 
tin- factories in your town, 
materials do they use ? 3. From 
where do the raw materials 
come? 4. What are the fin- 
ished products of each factory : 
5. Io what places are the) 
shipped ? 

ROUTES OK TRADE 

The Boston and Maine rail- 
road system has a number of 
railroads in New Hampshire; 
some of them cross the south- 
eastern part of the state, 



Hampshire. Large quantities of coal are 
brought by water to this city and distributed 
through the state by rail. 

Questions and Exercises. — 1. What are some of 
the most important goods shipped from your row n : 



Into 



your town 



? 



Trace tin railroad route 



Make a list of from your home to Portland, to Boston, to New 
2. What raw Haven, to Montreal (See map, p. iv). 




2 4 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE 




Science Building, New Hampshire College, Durham 



GOVERNMENT AND EDUCATION 



ernor. All of the cities and large towns have 
local superintendents. Two or more towns 
may unite in employing a superintendent, and 
the state pays one half. of his salary it he 
holds a permanent state certificate. Attend- 
ance is required of all pupils until they be- 
come sixteen years of age unless they have 
completed the eight grades of school earlier. 
Towns are obliged to support high schools or 
pay tuition for their pupils elsewhere. 

Dartmouth College at Hanover is one of 
the leading colleges in the United States. It 
was founded by Eleazer Wheelock in 1769, 
and was named after Lord Dartmouth, an 
English patron of the institution. The New 
Hampshire College of Agriculture and the 
Mechanic Arts is located at Durham. This 



Government. —The Governor of New 

. ,11 if r state has two flourishing normal schools . 

Hampshire is elected bv the people tor a teim stare nas l e, 

F rr, r • n 1 ;<- -,„ one bcated at P vmouth, was organized in 

of two vears. The Executive Council is an ° ne - IULaiai d & . 

■ . , ^ t ■ .. tP,7T ■ the other, at keene, was organized in 

advisorv body to the Governor. It consists ™7* > *ne otner ; at > * 

rr 1 u \ ar .* A K^ /Wriri-s iqoq. I uition in the normal schools is tree 

o five councilors who are elected b\ districts. *v v , 

The Governor and Council appoint all judicial to all who agree to teach m the public schools 
officers of the state. The state legislature, of the state, after graduation, tor a penod 
called the General Court, consists of a Senate equal to the length of tune spent m these 

and a House of Representatives, and meets institutions. 

aim a. iio U: > P There are many private educational msti- 

once in two vears. The senators and repie- " tlc dlc - , ■ , j j 1 

once lvvv > r rations some of which are attended by 

sentatives are elected for a term of two years. tutlons > some OI J 

pupils from all parts or the United states. 

Questions and Exercises. — I. Write the names Among the largest and best known are 
of the ten counties of the state in alphabetical pining Exeter \cademy at Exeter, St. 
order. 2. In which county do you live? 3. Where ? ^ ^^ ^ ^^ ;md T ,, ton Semi . 

is the countj seat f . 

4. Who is the representative from your town r nary at 1 Uton. 

5. Who is the state sena- 
tor from your senatoi 

district ? 

6. In which councilor 
district do you live? 7. 

Who is tin councilor from 
mi di 11 ict ? 

Education. The su- 
perintendeni of public 
instruction and three 
di put \ superintendents 
havi gt mi 1 .il supei \ ision 
o) < ilin ation. I he> are 
appointed bj th( Gov- 




GEOGRAPHY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE 



- -i 




Amoskeag Falls, Manchester 



CITIES 

Manchester, the largest city ol 
the state, is in the valley of the 
famous Mernmac, at Amoskeag 
Falls. It is a city of straight, 
clean, shady streets, with a beau- 
tiful public library and many 
churches, schools, and hospitals. 

The making of boots and shoes 
and the weaving of cotton goods 
are the two most important in- 
dustries of the city. Other prod- 
ucts of the factories are woolen 
goods, paper, knitting machines, 
bobbins, shuttles, and boxes. The raw ma- brarv at Washington was made from Concord 
terials for its most important industries, granite. Leather belting, silverware, cotton 
leather, cotton, and wool, are all brought goods, woolen goods, and carriages are also 
from great distances, but in spite of this dis- among the manufactured products. The 
advantage, modern business methods have State Asylum for the Insane, the State 
enabled the mills to retain their leadership Prison, and many public and charitable 
and to constantly increase their output. institutions are located here. 

1 he State Industrial School is located in Portsmouth was for many vears the leading 

this city. city until the development of water power 

Nashua is the second city in size and is from the Merrimac enabled the cities of 
the center of six radiating lines of steam that valley to surpass it. The most impor- 
railroads. The manufacture of cotton goods tant industry is the manufacture of malt 
is the chief industry of the city. Other liquors. Other products are boots and shoes, 
products are boots and shoes, paper, ma- iron castings, and bobbins. The Portsmouth 



chinery, tools, and furni- 
ture. The city has fine 
public buildings and 
parks. 

Concord is the capital. 
Its beautiful buildings, 
residences, and churches 
make the city one of the 
most attractive in New 
England. The leading 
industry is the quarrying 
and dressing of granite, 
which has long been 
noted lor its excellent 
quality as a building 
and monumental stone. 
I he Congressional Li- 




State House, Concord 



Navy Yard, located on 
the other side of the 
river in Kittery, Maine, 
contributes greatly to 
the industrial life of 
Portsmouth. Formerly 
Portsmouth was an 
important shipbuilding 
city. The first battle- 
ship of the United States, 
the North America, was 
launched hen- in 17 s !, 
and the famous Kear- 
was also built in a 
Portsmouth yard. I he 
citj s location makes it 
a tine summer resort. 



26 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE 



The Isles of Shoals, another summer resort, 
are reached by boat from Portsmouth. 

Keene is the financial and business center 
of the southwestern section of the state. 



Birthplace Association. The New Hamp- 
shire Orphans' Home is located in Franklin. 

Rochester is situated in southeastern New 
Hampshire, near Dover and Somersworth. 



Granite cutting is the leading industry of The Cocheco River flows through the city, 
the city. Other important products are and the Salmon Falls River passes along its 
chairs, other wood products, boots and shoes, southeastern border. 1 hese streams furnish 



woolen goods, brick, and mica products. 
The Keene Normal School, a rapidly growing 
institution, with the city schools as a practice 
department, makes Keene the educational 
center of this part of the state. 

Berlin is situated in the valley of the An- 
droscoggin River in the beautiful White 
Mountain region. The Androscoggin River 
furnishes a large amount of water power for 
the mills of this city. The Grand Trunk rail- 
way passes through the city. It is also a 
terminus of one of the lines of the Boston and 
Maine railroad. Situated near extensive for- 
ests, Berlin manufactures large quantities of 
lumber, wood pulp, and other wood products. 
Some of the largest wood pulp and paper 
mills in America are located in this city. 

Dover, at the falls of the Cocheco and the 
Bellamy rivers, was one of the first permanent 
settlements of New Hampshire. It was long 
an outpost against hostile Indians, and one 
log garrison is still standing. The early 



considerable water power for the manufac- 
turing establishments of the city. I he chief 
industrial products are woolen goods, shoes, 
leatherboard, lumber, and brick. Rochester 
is an important railroad center, having direct 
lines to New York, Boston, Portland, and 
northern points. 

Somersworth is situated on the Salmon 
Falls River about five miles above tidewater. 
The chief manufactured products of the city 
are cotton goods, woolen goods, and shoes. 

Claremont and Newport utilize the excel- 
lent water power of the Sugar River, a tribu- 
tary of the Connecticut. 

Haverhill, the center of a farming region, 
and with large granite industries, is one of 
the leading towns on the Connecticut. 

Derry is a growing industrial center in 
Rockingham county. The chief manufac- 
tured product is shoes. 

Littleton, located on the Lower Am- 
monoosuc River, has a variety of thriving 



settlers were employed in fishing, lumbering, industrial plants. Lancaster, on the Connect- 

and shipbuilding. The falls furnish excellent icut, a little farther north, is growing in im- 

power for the production of woolen goods, portance as a commercial and industrial cen- 

cotton goods, shoes, and machinery. The ter. Both command fine mountain views and 

foreign population includes a large number of are filled each year with summer tourists. 

people from the Mediterranean region. Dover Plymouth, at the " Gatewaj of the Moun- 



is in rlu- midst of a rich farming section. 

Franklin is situated at the head of the 
Merrimac River. h lias excellent watei 
powei which is used in the manufacture of 
woolen goods, hosiery, paper, and machine 
needles. This cit} is closer} associated with 
the life of Daniel Webster. Ills birthplace 
was in Salisbury, which is now a pan of Frank- 
lin. The house ill which Ik was bom has 
reci in l\ bei n n stored to its original form, and 
is owned ami maintained l>\ the Webster 



tains," is well known as a summer resort, 
and is the seat of Plymouth Normal School. 

^mong the other prominent villages in the 
st. in- are: Milford, noted for its granite quarries; 
North Conway. .1 famous summer resort and the 
location of granite quarries; Peterboro. a Imis\ 
manufacturing town; Cornish, where man} men 
of prominence in the literar} and artistic world 
havi summer homes; Exeter, the home of Phillips 
Exetei \i .uli in \ and Robinson Seminary ; Dublin. 
,i summer colon} .mil the summer home of the 
British I mbass} . 



GEOGRAPHY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE 



^7 



TABLES 



Table I. — Counties of New Hampshire 



Table IV. — Population of the Principal Towns of 
New Hampshire, 1910 







V II IE OF 


Population 


County 


County Seat 


Faru 










Property 


1910 


1 goo 


Belknap . . . . 


Laconia 


$ 6,566,137 


21, (CK) 


19,526 


Carroll . . 




Ossipee 


7,529,290 


16,3 [6 


16,895 


Cheshire . 




Keene . 


10,100,524 


30,659 


31,321 


Coos 




Lancaster 


7-445- s 74 


30.753 


29,468 


Grafton . . 




Woodsville 


14,148,797 


41,652 


40,844 


Hillshoro . 




Nashua 


14,858,161 


12(1,072 


1 1 2, '4 '• 


Merrimack 




Concord 


[3,790,049 


53.335 


52,43 


Rockingham 




Exeter . 


16,559,866 


52,188 


5I,Il8 


Stratford . 




Dover . 


5,973,700 


38,951 


39.337 


Sullivan 




Newport 


6,731.7''* 


19.337 


18,009 


State . . . 






103,704,196 


430,572 


411,588 



Table II. — Population of the Cities of New 
Hampshire 



Cities 



Manchester 

Nashua 

Concord 

Berlin . 

Dover . 

Portsmouth 

Laconia 

Keene . 

Rochester . 

Somersworth 

Franklin 




IQIO 



70,063 
26,005 

21,497 
11,780 

13.247 

11,269 

10,183 

10.068 

8,868 

6,704 

6,132 



1 Estimated population, United States Census. 

Table III. — Value of Farm Products, Census of 
1910 



Products 



Corn . . . . 

I).,,. 

Hay and forage 
Potatoes . . . 
1 'h hard fruits . 
Maple sugar . 
Maple sirup 
Cattle . . . . 
Horses. 

Swine . . . . 
Sheep . . . . 

Poultry . . . 

Dairy products . 
Kggs . . . . 
Wool . . . . 



Vali 1 



i 621,306 

216, 938 

7,840. 1 1 j 

1,204,(12(1 

7">.777 

63,688 

118,653 

5,240,122 

5,266, J89 

504.174 

193,346 

649, 1 2 1 

5,589.711 

2,043.338 

57,460 



Leading County 



Mil rimack 

( irafton 
Grafton 

Coos 

I lillsboro 
Grafton 

( irafton 
( .1 afton 
( irafton 

< ,1 afton 
( irafton 
I lillsboro 
I lillsboro 
I lillsboro 
( irafton 



Allentown 

Alton . 

Amherst 

Andover 

Antrim . 

Ashland 

Barn stead 

Bartlett 

Bedford 

Belmont 

Bethlehem 

Boscawen 

Bristol . 

Canaan . 

Charlestown 

Claremont 

Colebrook 

Conway 

Cornish 

Derrv . 

Enfield . 

Epping . 

Fxeter . 

Farmington 

Fitzwilliam 

GofFstown 

Gorham 

Greenville 

Hampton 

Hanover 

Haverhill 

Henniker 

Hillsboro 

Hinsdale 

Hooksett 

Hopkinton 

Hudson 

JafFrey . 

Jefferson 

Kingston 

Lancaster 



1,457 
1,348 

1,060 
1,201 
1,235 
1,412 
1,081 

1. 1 97 
1,1 10 
1,390 
1,201 
1,240 

t,478 
1,408 

1,496 

7.529 
1,905 

3.4 <3 

1,005 
5.1-; 
1,448 
1,649 

4,897 
2,621 
1,148 

2,579 
2,155 

1.374 
1,215 

2,075 
3.498 
1,395 
2,168 

1 ,673 
1,528 

C578 
1.U4 
[,895 

1 ,o(>i 
1,01 5 
3.054 



Lebanon 
Lincoln . 
Lisbon . 
Littleton 
Londonderry 
Lyme 

Marlboro . 
Meredith 
Merrimack 
Milford 
Milton . . 
Newmarket 
Newport 
North hi Kl 
Northumberla 
Northwood 
Ossipee . 
Pembroke . 
Peterboro . 
Pittsfield . 
Plaistow 
Plymouth . 
Raymond . 
Rollinsford 
Rye . . . 
Salem 
Seabrook 
Stewartstown 
Sunapee 
Swanzey 
Tilton . . 
Troy 

Wakefield . 
Walpole 
Warner . 
W 1 .in- . 
Whitefield - 
Wilton . 
Winchestei 
Wolteboro . 
Woodstock 



ml 



■ 5,718 
. 1,278 
. 2.460 
. 4,069 

• 1,533 

• 1,007 

• 1.478 

• 1,638 

■ 1,039 

• 3,939 

■ 1,542 

■ 3,348 

• 3,765 

■ 1-474 
. 2,184 

• 1.059 

1,354 

. 3,062 

■ 2,277 

j 2 2 2 

. 1,173 

. 2,200 
. 1.20; 
. 1,836 

1,014 
. 2,117 
. 1,425 
. 1,128 
. 1,071 
. 1,656 
. 1,866 

1,331 

■ 1,543 
. 2,668 
. 1.226 
. 1.525 

• ',635 
. [,490 
. 2.282 
. 2,224 
. 1.0S3 



Table V. — Leadini; Manufactures of New Hamp- 
shire, Cl NSUS OF 1910 



Products with Value op $.1,000,000011 Mori 



Boots and shoes 

Cotton goods 

Woolen, worsted, and felt goods and wo 

hats 

Lumber and timber products. 

Paper and wood pulp 

Foiindn and machine-shop products 

I [osiery and knit goods 

Mo Ki-mill and gristmill products . . 



Product 



$39,439,5 I I 
I 5,601,831 

[6,7 J0,652 
15,284,357 
[3,994,251 

1,941 

4,764.1 19 

j, 1*7. 544 




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■S Q.S 



GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT 



HISTORY 



By Albert W. Varney 

Superintendent of Schools, Bennington, Vermont 

divide and down the Passumpsic to the 

Connecticut. 

Manx years before the settlement of New In 1609 Champlain, a French explorer, dis- 

England and Canada by white men, the sec- covered the lake which now bears his name, 
tion of country now known as Vermont was The French by right of his discovery claimed 
a highway of Indian warfare. The long lake all this region. The first settlement at- 
on its western border and the great river on tempted in \ ermont was by the French in 
the east were natural highways for the birch 1665 on Isle la Motte, when a fort called St. 
canoe in summer and for the snowshoe in Anne was built. Fort Dummer, built by the 
winter. By means of several passes over the English in 1724 in the extreme southeastern 
Green Mountains, which lie between these corner of the state, was the first permanent 
natural highways, the Indian bands passed settlement. The settlement of Bennington in 



to and fro between lake and 
river in their tribal wars. 

Later, when English and 
French were pushing out their 
settlements farther and farther 
into the wilderness, this land 
though fertile and well watered 
remained unoccupied save for 
the passage of marauding bands 
of French and Indians in their 
stealthy attacks on the English 
settlements of New England. 
From the St. Lawrence the 
Indian canoe could pass up the 
Richelieu River into Lake 
Champlain. From thence the 
journej to the Connecticut was 
made bj several well-known 
routes, < me, up 1 he Winooski 
River and down the White, w as 
so much used thai 1 he E nglish 
settlers railed the foi mei stream 
the " I rent h River." \.nothei 
was up Otter Creek and down the Black or 
West rivers. It was commonlj known in 
1. iih. hums. is the " Indian Road." ^nothei 




Ethan Allen Monument, 
Burlington 



1 761 was the first permanent 
English settlement made for 
the establishment of homes. 

New York, New Hamp- 
shire, and Massachusetts each 
claimed this territory. The 
early settlers received title to 
then farms from Governor 
Benning Wentworth of New 
Hampshire, in the form of 
township grants ; from which 
facl the state was called for 
many years the "New Hamp- 
shire Grants." The governor 
of New York also deeded these 
same lands to other settlers 
The trouble arising from these 
double titles developed into 
.1 general controversy which 
broughl about the organiza- 
tion of t he " ( 1 1 ee 11 Mountain 
Boys," who, under Ethan Allen, 
drove out the New \ 01 kers, and 
later gave valuable aid in the Revolutionary, 
War. Claimed bj three colonies, Vermont 
denied the authority of all, and in [777 declared 



route, used bj Canadian expeditions from its independence and established a complete 
1. Lawrence, was up the St. Francis government, and in 1791 was admitted to the 
to I ake Memphremagog, across the short I nion. 

xviii 



GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT 



3i 




POSITION AND SIZE 

Vermont, the most northwestern of the 
New England states, ranks next to Maine 
in area. It is about one fifth the size of 
New York, and is nearly eight times the size 
of Rhode Island. Vermont, New Hampshire, 
and Massachusetts are very nearly the same 
size (Sec. 77). Its length north and south is 
about 160 miles, its northern boundary about 
60, and its southern 40 miles. Its northern 
boundary is nearly a straight east-and-west 
line which at Lake Memphremagog is 45 
degrees north latitude. Its most southern 
point, the southeast corner, is 42 44' north 
latitude. It takes fast trains between four 
and five hours to pass through the state in 
a north and south direction. 

RELIEF AND DRAINAGE 

Relief. — The state lies in the northern parr 
of the great Appalachian highland (Sec. 14). 
The only portion free from mountains and 
high hills is the Champlain Valley. The 
greater part of Vermont is covered by the 
various ridges of the Green Mountains, which 
extend north and south across the state. 
From the French name of these mountains. 



Verd Mont, the state derived its name. The 
general altitude of the mountainous section 
is 2000 feet, with peaks rising here and there 
to about 4000 feet. Stratton, near the south 
line of the state, is 3839 feet; Equinox is 
3872; Killington, near Rutland, is 4221; 
Lincoln is 4078; Camel's Hump is 40SS ; 
Mansfield, the highest peak, is 4389; and 
Jay, at the extreme north, is 4018. 

1 he Champlain Valley is about 120 miles 
long and from 15 to 25 miles wide ; the surface 
is uneven, but there are few high hills. It 
affords the state's broadest and best meadows. 
The lake shore south of Burlington is firm, 
in many places rocky, but farther north it 
becomes low and in some parts marshy. The 
Hood plains (Sec. 18) of the rivers in this val- 
ley are extensive and fertile. 

Evidence of glacial action may be seen in 
the numerous drumhns and moraines scat- 
tered over the state. 

Vermont scenerj is unsurpassed in beaut} 
and variety. I he green lulls and mountains 
separated by the open, ten tie valleys, each 
with its brook or river, and dotted with lakes 
and ponds fed by the mountain springs, .111 
calling from the cities an increasing number 
of summer visitors. 



3 2 



GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT 




Lake Memphremagog from Owl's Head 



Drainage. \ ermont lies in tour distinct 
drainage systems, — Connecticut River, Lake 
Champlain, Hudson River, and Lake Mem- 
phremagog. The latter two drainage areas 
are of small extent. Bennington County is 
drained by the Hoosic and the Batten Kill 
rivers, which How into the Hudson. A por- 
tion of ( Means County, in the extreme north- 
central part of the state, is drained by rivers 
(lowing into Lake Memphremagog. The 
five counties along the eastern border are 
drained by the tributaries of the Connecti- 
cut. The remaining seven counties are in the 
Champlain basin. The chief rivers of Ver- 



mont that flow into 
Lake Champlain are 
the Missisquoi, La- 
moille, Winooski, and 
Otter. The Missis- 
quoi, rising in Ver- 
mont, flows into 
Canada, around the 
northern extremin of 
the Green Mountains, 
then back into the 
state. The Lamoille 
and the Winooski 
rivers rise in the 
north-central part, 
and, breaking through 
the main range of 
mountains, flow into Lake Champlain. The 
Otter, with its headwaters in Bennington 
County, flows north through Rutland and 
Addison counties. 

The main watershed of the state, beginning 
at the Massachusetts line, follows the main 
range of the Green Mountains northward to 
the southwest corner of Washington County, 
thence in a winding northeasterly direction 
to a point on the Canadian line a lew miles 
west of the Connecticut River. 

Ages ago, during the Glacial Period (Sec 
32), this state was covered with ice. I he- 
great ice mass ground down the hilltops and 




GEOGRAPHY OF VERMON'I 











ill! 



* A. 

The Connecticut River at Bellows Falls 



i^5 



tilled the valleys with glacial drift. It 
scooped out hollows which are now lakes or 
ponds. In some places moraines were de- 
posited across river valleys, and bv damming 
the streams converted the upper part of the 
valleys into lake basins. 

I he state has more than 300 lakes and 
ponds, the greater portion in the northeastern 
part. The five largest lakes, named in the 
order of size, are : Bomoseen, Willoughbv 
Seymour, Dunmore, and St. Catherine. 

The rivers of Vermont have a steep fall, 
and they are therefore capable of furnishing a 
large amount of water power (Sec. 17). In the 
basin of the Winooski alone there are 80 sites 
at which w r ater power has been developed. 
Most of these plants are small, developing 
from 40 to 200 horse power ; five are over 
1000, and that at Bolton Falls develops 3000. 
The aggregate power in and near Winooski 
is about 5000 horse power, and at Essex Junc- 
tion 10,000. Otter Creek furnishes several 
good power plants, the largest being at Suther- 
land Falls in Proctor. In Somerset, a moun- 
tain village in Windham County, there has 
been constructed the largest dam in New 
England, 2080 feet long and 106 feet high. 
The storage reservoir created is about 2000 
acres in extent. The largest power plant in 
the state is located at Vernon on the Connect- 
icut, where a great dam sets the water back 



tor twenty-two miles and develops 27,000 
horse power. There is much undeveloped 
power on the upper Connecticut River. 

CLIMATE 

Vermont has cool summers and long cold 
winters with heavy snowfall. Because of 
their elevation, the Green Mountains have 
cooler summers and colder winters than the 
other sections of the state. 

The climate of the western part of the 
state is modified by Fake Champlain, which is 
the largest body of fresh water in the United 
States except the portions of the Great Fakes 
which lie within her borders. Over the sec- 
tion bordering on the lake the air currents 




;jyy;;v 



fcg jiV Ik! 



Water-power plant, Essex Junction 



34 



GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT 




A lumber camp in Vermont 



are warmer, often resulting in no precipita- 
tion or in rain when on the mountains to the 
east the snowfall is heavy. 

The average rainfall of the state is nearly 
40 inches. In the southern part it is about 35 
inches, and in the mountains of the north- 
central section it is nearly 50 inches. More 
rain falls in summer than in any other season. 
Snow comes in November and usually remains 
until April. 

FORESTS, GAME, AND FISH 

Original!} the state was one unbroken for- 
est. 1 he taiK settlers cleared the land 111 the 
valleys and on the lower hills; and some, go- 
ing back into the higher mountains, cleared 
lands which, removed horn mam lines of I rans- 
portation and markets, were unprofitable. 
Main ot these mountain (arms have been al- 
lowed to revert to woodland. There are large 
areas of valuable timber trees, and lumber- 
ing ranks as one of the leading industries. 
The value of the annual lumber and tim- 
l>i 1 products of Vermont amounts to over 
# 1 0,000,000. 

The state has recentlj established a de- 
partment of forestrj foi thi bettei control 
of the forests of the state. Scientific refon s- 
tation has been begun in some sections, the 
t.m nurseries furnishing thousands of pine 
and spt uce seedlings. 



1 he numerous small water powers widely 
distributed are especially adapted to working 
up the wood products near the source of 
supply. 

The shipping box industry uses over 40 mil- 
lion feet of lumber, mostlv hemlock and low- 
grade pine and spruce. The hardwoods are 
used in the manufacture of furniture and 
novelties of all sorts. 

Many farms in \ ermont have maple groves 
which are equipped with modern tanks, boil- 
ers, and evaporators for making maple sugar. 

The streams are well stocked with fish, and 
the woods abound in wild game protected by 
fish and game laws designed to foster true 
sportmanship. Prom 2500 to 3000 deer are 
killed during the open season each vear. Oc- 
casionally moose are seen and black bears are 
not uncommon. Foxes and wildcats are 
still hunted, and squirrels, rabbits, and wood- 
chucks or ground hogs are numerous. The 
partridge is the common game bird of the 
woods. 

AGRICULTURE 

Soil. The hills of limestone and granite- 
eroded by the great glaciers produced a 
fertile soil. The soils of Vermont vary in 
texture from stony loams to lua\ v clay. 

Many sections have a clay loam with a 
claj subsoil. In the Champlam Valley, es- 
pecially along the Otter, then- is much hca\ \ 
clav. Most of the hillsides are a light loam. 
1 he clays are excellent grass lands, and the 
lighter soils produce potatoes, corn, and 
garden truck. 

The leading crops of Vermont are hay and 
other forage, potatoes, oats, and corn. The 
value of the grain crops is but one sixth of 
that of h.u and othei forage crops. Vpples 
.in the most important orchard fruit. I he 
western part of the state is peculiarly well 

adapted both in soil and climate tO apple 

growing. There are several large commer- 
cial orchards in Grand Isle ami Chitten- 
den counties 



GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT 



35 




A good hay crop, Whitinghai 



MINERAL WEALTH 



northern section produces large quantities. 
Vermont produces more pounds of butter pel 
capita than any other state, and also leads 
in the number of pounds of butter per cow. 
One third of all the cattle of New England 
are in this state. Vermont produces annually 
over thirty-five million pounds ot butter, 
three million pounds of cheese, thirteen mil- 
lion pounds condensed milk, and ships out 
of the state over fifty million quarts of milk 
and three million quarts of cream. The state, 
with an area of less than 10,000 square miles, 
is surpassed by only fourteen states in the 
Because of the high price of grain the state total value of dairy products, 
cannot successfully compete with the West 
in the raising of beef cattle, and hardly fur- 
nishes its own supply of hog products. The state is rich in mineral wealth. It has 
Horses and sheep are raised in numbers long been in the lead of all other states in the 
nearly sufficient for local demand. The production of marble. The deposits of this 
Morgan horse has long been a favorite, stone extend from Isle la Motte to Man- 
though recently the Percheron is receiving chester. Marbles of the finest texture rival- 
more attention as an excellent work horse, ing those of Italy and Greece are quarried. 

The United States De- . - — — , Proctor is the center of 

partment of Agriculture k;"jfd " » ; \ tne industry, and is the 

maintains a farm in the i ) ^ home of the largest mar- 

town of Weybridge for jj / ble-producing plant in the 

the breeding of Morgan ! Q \ world. It has twenty- 

horses. \ , / < five acres of floor space 

Addison County has a j ,'... /■--.#• * / in its mills, and employs 

reputation for fine Merino I J) • J^jf 4000 men. The blocks of 

sheep. Many of them are /M| /Y0 -*i marble are sawed by sand 

shipped to other parts of / \ \_ \W ) fed under the edges of 

the country for breeding '• ( ) P / iron bands. Some idea of 

purposes. 1 I \ „ •_ / the extent ot tins indus- 

Poultry keeping is gen- ' 1\\ \ : ) try may be gained from 

eral, both on the farms /_/\l / tne * ;K " r r ' 1ar during the 

and in the villages. Bee - - ^ ! | ) 1 / last ten years one and 

keeping is profitable. \ / / ° / one half million tons of 

Vermont is primarily \ ( ) r «— sand have been used in 

a dairying state. The i J W ° j this work. The state 

southern part ships nearly & \ produces annually over 

all its surplus milk to J IJTaicandAsbeaos 1,000,000 cubic teet of 

New York and Boston, / marble (Sec. qj ; Pigs, 

and does not make suf- [_ y [06, 107). 

ficient butter to supply Granite is widely dis- 

h, 1 , . . , Mineral resources of Vermont •• , , ,- 

e local demand, but the I J tnhuteil, and Vermont 



36 



GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT 




stands first also in production of this stone. The rale and soapstone deposits are exten- 

The growth of the granite business during sire. Talc is mined in several localities, but 

the last twenty years has been rapid. It has the upper part of the White River Valley 

more than doubled in the last decade. There yields the largest amount. The state ranks 

are nearly 150 companies engaged in the in- next to New York in the production of talc, 

dustry and the state produces twelve to fif- and next to Virginia in soapstone. 

teen per cent of all granite quarried in the Limestone quarries scattered over the state 

I nited States. Bane is the center of granite produce stone for building, for burning into 

for monuments, and Hardwick of building lime, and for crushing into road material, 

granite. Both Bane and Hardwick granite Clays are used in many places 111 the manu- 

are gray in several shades. lhe white granite facture of brick. kaolin, dug at Bennington, 

of Bethel is the whitest known granite and Shaftsbury, Rutland, Brandon, Monkton, and 

is of excellent quality. elsewhere, is shipped largely for sizing of 

I here are extensive slate belts. The only paper in the large mills of Massachusetts. 
one that has been extensively developed is 



situated on the western edge of the state, 
beginning in Bennington Countj and extend- 
ing into Vddison County. The principal quar- 
ries, numbering about 100, are in Rutland 
County. Vermont ranks next to Pennsyl- 
\ ania in 1 he production of slati 



MANUFACTURING 

Vermont is not an important manufactur- 
ing state, but the increasing development of 
hei watei power, aided In electric transmis- 
sion, is constantly increasing the number en- 
I he largest known deposil ol asbestos is gaged in industrial work, which is now about 
in Canada. I Ins vein extends into Vermont eleven per cent of the total population. The 
.mil forms th< largest known deposil in tins large amount of watei power, nearness to 
country. Hie long-fiber varietj known as market, excellent transportation facilities l>\ 
chrysotile asbestos maj be spun and woven rail and water, make possible a greai indus- 
into cloth. 1 1 1.1I future. 

wciv 



GEOGRAPHY OK VERMONT 



37 




Interior of scale works, St. Johnsbury 



The three most important manufacturing 
industries of \ ermont are marble and stone 
work, the sawing of lumber and making of 
other wood products, and the manufacture 
of dairy products. Other important manufac- 
tured products of the state are woolen goods, 
flour, wood pulp and paper, weighing scales, 
and machinery. Burlington is the chief 
manufacturing city of the state. 

Sawmills and woodworking establishments 
are widely distributed throughout the state. 
At St. Johnsbury is the largest plant in the 
world for the manufacture of weighing scales ; 
another plant is at Rutland ; and one has 
recently been established at Bennington. 
Many of the piano sounding boards used 
in this country are made at North Troy 
and Orleans. Steel squares have been made 
at South Shaftsbury for a hundred years. 
Springfield manufactures the famous turret 
lathes which are used in making shoe lasts. 

ROUTES OK TRADE 

The railroads of the state are parts of three 
great systems. The Rutland, a part of tin- 
New York Central system, entering the state 
at Alburg, crosses the large islands of Lake 
Champlain and follows up the ( )tter to near its 
headwaters, then extends across Bennington 
county, and connects at Tro\ , New York, with 



other lines of the New York Central. Its mam 
branch leaves the Otter at Rutland, crosses 
the mountains, and follows down the Black 
and Williams rivers to Bellows Kails. At this 
city it connects with the Boston and Maine, 
which gives through service to Boston. The 
Central \ ermont, a part of the Grand Trunk 
system, entering the state at Highgate, runs 
south to the Winooski, thence up that stream, 
and down the White River valley, to the 
Connecticut River. It then follows that 
river to the state line, using the Boston and 
Maine tracks from Windsor to Brattleboro, 
and extends southeastward to New London 
on Long Island Sound. A line of the Grand 
Trunk which connects Montreal and Port- 
land passes through the northeastern corner 
of Vermont. The railroads of the Boston 
and Maine system connect many points in 
the Connecticut Valley with other parts of 
New England. One railroad of this system 
extends northward from White River Junc- 
tion through St. Johnsbury, along the east 
shore of Lake Memphremagog to Sherbrooke, 
Canada. At Newport this railroad connects 
with a line of the Canadian Pacific running 
into Montreal. The St. Johnsbury and lake 
Champlain, which is a railroad of the Boston 





& 










Paper mills. Bellows Falls 



38 



GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT 



and Maine system, extends from St. Johns- 
burv to Maquam on Lake Champlain. 
There are other short lines which, with the 
main lines, give Vermont excellent trans- 
portation service. 

Lake Champlain has long been connected 
bv canal with the Hudson River, giving the 
western part of the state an uninterrupted 
waterway to New York. 

GOVERNMENT AND EDUCATION 

Government. — The legislative department 
consists of a Senate and a House of Repre- 
sentatives. The Senate consists of thirty 
members, apportioned to the several counties 
according to popula- 
tion. The House of 
Representatives con- 
sists of 246 members, 
one from each town 
and city. The chief 
officers of the execu- 
tive department are 
governor, lieutenant 
governor, treasurer, 
secretary of state, 
auditor, and attorney 
general. 1 hese offi- 
cers and members of 
the legislature are 
elected bj the people biennially on the first 
Tuesday after the hist Monday of November 
of the even-numbered years. The courts of 
Vermont consist of the Supreme Court, County 
Courts, Court of Claims, and Probate, Juve- 
nile, Justice, and Municipal Courts. 1 he 
judges of the county courts are called su- 
perioi judges. 

Like all New England states, the town is 
the unit of government. The town meeting, 
in March, is the people's legislature. The 
independence and power oi the town is zeal- 
ousK guard) d 

Education. The educational policj ol the 

i.ik is largely determined l>\ a state board 

of education and a commissionei of educa- 




tion. The board of education consists of five 
members appointed by the governor. The 
commissioner of education is appointed by 
the board of education. The common schools 
are under professional supervision by the dis- 
trict system. 1 he superintendents are state 
officers appointed by the state board. 

High schools of different classes are main- 
tained. Teacher training courses are con- 
ducted in the larger high schools for the 
preparation of teachers for rural schools. 
The state has four colleges : the University 
of Vermont, at Burlington ; Middleburv 
College, at Middleburv ; Norwich Uni- 
versity, at Northfield ; and St. Michael's 

College, at Winooski. 
1 here are two nor- 
mal schools, — one at 
Castleton, the other 
at Johnson. 

1 he \ ermont In- 
dustrial School, at 
Vergennes, is a semi- 
penal institution for 
bo\ s and girls com- 
mitted by the juve- 
nile courts. 

The state main- 
tains two agricultural 
schools, — the Theo- 
gncultural School and Farms 
uul the State School of Agri- 
culture at Randolph. 

There are still a number of academies more 
or less endowed which do excellent work as 
preparatory schools. I he most important 
are St. Johnsburj Academy; Vermont Acad- 
emy, at Saxtons River; Lyndon Institute, ai 
Lyndon Center; Derby Academy; Mont- 
pe lit 1 Seminary; Goddard Seminary, at 
Bane; Troy Conference \cademy, at 
Poultney; Brigham Academy, at Bakersfield; 
Bellows Free Academy, Fairfax; and Burr 
and Burton Seminary, at Manchester. 1 here 
are excellent parochial academies at Burling- 
ton, Rutland, St. |ohnsburv, and St. Albans. 



dore N. Vail 
at Lyndon, 



\i 



GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT 



39 



CITIES 

Of the total population of Vermont, 47.5 
per cent in 1910 lived in cities and villages 
of 2500 or more inhabitants. The rural 
population in that year was 52.5 per cent 
of the total. 

Burlington is the largest city of Vermont. 
It is situated on the shore of Lake Champlain, 
and is an important trade center. Water 
connection with the Hudson River by the 
Champlain Canal gives cheap coal for fuel, 
while large water power developed on the 
Winooski gives it an advantage in manu- 
facturing. Water connection with the St. 
Lawrence and the Canadian lumber districts 
makes it an important lumber market. Its 
chief manufactures are packing boxes, sash, 
doors, blinds, dyes, butter color, patent 
medicines, cotton goods, brush fibers, cereal 
foods, refrigerators, and confectionery. 

The Ethan Allen monument, park, and 
tower are among the points of interest in 
Burlington. 

Rutland owes its growth to the marble indus- 
try, the junction of three railroads, the railroad 
shops, and the manufacture of scales and balances. 
Other manufactures are utensils for making maple 
sugar, fire clav, gypsum, asbestos products, stone- 
working machinery, silos, and creamery and dairy 
apparatus. 

Barre, located on a branch of the Winooski, is 
the center of the monumental granite business of 
the whole country. It has small local water 
power, but by electric transmission it uses the 
power developed on the Winooski at Essex Junc- 
tion. Its growth is due to the extensive granite 
deposits near the city. The manufacture of stone- 
working tools has developed along with the quarry- 
ing. A statue of Robert Burns erected in a pub- 
lic square is a rare piece of granite sculpture. 

Montpelier, the capital of the state, is situated 
near the headwaters of the Winooski. The 
granite business is the most important indus- 
try. It also manufactures sawmill machinery, 
saddlery supplies, and clothespins. It is the 
home of several insurance companies. Some of 
the points of interest are the fine granite State 
Mouse, the new city hall, and the Wood Art 
Gallery. 



St. Johnsbury, situated at the junction of the 
Passumpsic and the Moose rivers, manufactures 
scales, brass valves, belting, mill supplies, files, 
forks, and hoes. It is a center of trade in maple- 
sugar products. 

Brattleboro, on the Connecticut, has an abun- 
dance of electric power furnished by the great 
Vernon dam. Organs and pianos are manufac- 
tured here. There are also extensive cotton mills, 
a large chair shop, and an overalls factory. Fort 
Dummer monument and Island Park are points 
of interest. 

St. Albans, in the northwestern part of the 
state, near the lake shore, is a division point of 
the Central Vermont Railway. The railroad 
shops and offices form the most important indus- 
try of the city. Khaki uniforms and other cloth- 
ing are manufactured on a large scale. The large 
creamery formerly famed for the quality and the 
quantity of its butter is now shipping milk and 
cream in refrigerator cars to Boston. 

Bennington, situated on a branch of the Hoosic, 
has made excellent use of its water power. Its 
most important manufactured products are knit 
underwear, knitting machines, woolen dress goods, 
scales, and pulp mill machinery. Points of in- 
terest are Bennington Battle Monument and the 
State Soldiers' Home. 

Bellows Falls, on the Connecticut, where the 
river falls over 40 feet, is known as the " Paper 
Town," because of its fourteen paper mills. In 
1N02 the first paper null in Vermont was built 
here, and it is claimed that here in 1S69 was made 
successfully the first paper from wood pulp. The 
canal around these falls was built for purposes of 
navigation and was probably the first canal in 
this country. It was chartered in 1 791. Other 
important manufactures are waxed paper, cream 
separators, scythe snaths, and pulp plaster. 

Springfield, on the Black Riser, is best known 
for its manufacture of nil ret lathes and gear- 
cutting machines. An important industry is the 
manufacture of wool substitutes and shoddies. 
A large shoddy mill at this place has a capaciu 
of ten million pounds a year. 

Winooski is an important industrial village, 
manufacturing window and door screens and 
woolen goods. Swanton has a large ammunition 
factory. Ludlow makes large quantities oi woolen 
cloth. Newport manufactures lumber and veneei 
on a large scale. Readsboro manufactures chairs, 
school desks, and furniture. Vergennes, the first 
chartered city in the state, manufactures shade 
rollers, spark plugs, and the wooden parts of 



4° 



GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT 



weighing scales. Wallingford is known for the 
manufacture of forks, hoes, rakes, anil other tools. 
Windsor's chief industry is the making of auto- 
matic screw machines and automatic drills. 



TABLES 

Table I. — Population of the Chartered Cities 
of Vermont, 191 5, 1910 

1915 1910 

Burlington 21,432 20,468 

Rutland 14,624 13,546 

Barre 1 1 ,93 7 i°-734 

Montpelier 7.856 

St. \lbans 6,381 

Vergennes 1.483 



Table II. — Population of Towns of Vermont 
having 2500 Inhabitants or More, igio 



Table IV. — Area and Population of the 
Counties of Vermont 



Name 



Bennington 






8,698 


\\ aterbury 






3.2 73 


Sr. lolmshury 




8,098 


Northfield 






3.226 


Brattleboto 




7.54' 


Lyndon 






3,204 


Colchester 






6,450 


Hardwick . 






3,201 


Ro< kingham 






6,207 


Randolph . 






3. 191 


Springfield 






4-7^4 


Pair Haven 






3.095 


Barre . . 






4.104 


Ruhford . 






2,907 


Hartford 






4,179 


Proctor 






2,871 


Newport 






5,684 


Middlebury 






2,848 


Poultney 






i-'>44 


Essex 






2,714 


Derby ■ • 






5,639 


Brandon 






2,712 


Swanton 






j,628 


Morristown 






2,652 


West Rutland 




5.4-7 


Woodstock 






2,545 


Barton . 






3.346 











III. — Incorporated Villages having More 
Than 500 Inhabitants in 1910 



Sr. Johnsbury 
Brattlebon 1 
Benningti in 
Bellows Kill' 
VVinooski . 
Spi ingfield 
Proctor . 
Fair I la\ en 
Newport 
Hardwick . 
iford . 
Northfield . 
\\ indsoi 
Middlebury 
Randolph . 
Ludlow . 
Brandon 
Island Pond 
1 idonville 
Mori i- ■ ill' 
Pouh i" \ 



6,693 
6,517 

6,21 I 

1-883 

4.520 
3.250 
2,756 

2,554 

1 
2,094 
[,948 
1,918 

1,787 
1,621 

■ 
1.573 
1,573 

in 
1.474 



Woodstock . . 


1,383 


W aterbury . . 


1-377 


Barton 


1,330 


Essex function . 


[,245 


Swanton . . . 


1 ,j )6 


Bristol .... 


1 , 1 80 


Enosburg Falls . 


1,153 


1 >i leans .... 


1,131 


West Derby . . 


1,109 


Ri adsboro . 


83s 


Richmond . 


SJS 


N irth Troj 


771 


Chestei .... 


66l 


N01 1 li Bennington 


663 


[ohnson 

Milton .... 


., , 


63 ( 


Bradford . . . 


631 


Wells River . . 


60S 


1 imbi idge . . 


595 


Stowe .... 


566 



Addison 

Bennington 

Caledonia . 

Chittenden 

Essex 

Franklin 

Grand Isle . 

Lamoille 

Orange . 

Orleans . 

Rutland 

Washington 

Windham . 

Windsor 



Population, 1910 



719 


20,010 


612 


21,378 


640 


26,03 1 


485 


4--447 


620 


7,384 


549 


29,866 


77 


3.76l 


43' 


12,585 


650 


18,70s 


689 


23,337 


862 


48,1 19 


57i 


41,702 


782 


29,932 


893 


; ; ."s, 



Table V. — Leading Manufacturing Industries 
of Vermont, Census of 1910 

All industries 68,310,000 

Marble and stone work 12,395,000 

Lumber and timber products 8,598,000 

Butter, cheese, and condensed milk . . . 8,112,000 

Woolen goods 4,497,000 

Flour-mill and gristmill products .... 4,133,000 

Paper and wood pulp 3,902,000 

Foundry and machine-shop products . . 3,755,000 

Hosiery and knit guilds 1,746,000 

Furniture and refrigerators 1,618,000 

Patent medicines and drugs 1,290,000 

Clothing, men's 1,274,000 

Railroad cars and repairs 1,135,000 

Printing and publishing 1,039,000 



Table VI. — Value of Leading Farm Products, 

Cl NSl S OF 10IO 

Hay and forage #16,336,000 

Potatoes 1,743,000 

Oats 1. 1 Oo.ooo 

Corn 1.102,000 

Barley 226,000 

Buckwheat 1:2,000 

I '...ins 73,000 

Tobacco 17,000 

Wheal 14,000 

Cattle 11,829,000 

Horses 8,591,000 

Swine 0-5.000 

Poultrj 608,000 

Sheep ;;o,ooo 

Milk and othei dairj products .... 12,128,000 

Eggs [,715,000 

Wool 102,000 

, iil 



GEOGRAPHY OF MASSACHUSETTS 



By Charles P. Sinnott 
Professor of Geography, State Normal School, Bridgewater, Massachusetts 



EARLY SETTLEMENT 



colony was larger, wealthier, and better 
equipped for pioneer life than the one at Plym- 
The first permanent settlement on the New outh. And more important than its wealth, 
England coast was made at Plymouth in the Bay Colony possessed an excellent harboi 
1620 by the Pilgrims. These colonists had at Boston, while the one at Plymouth proved 
come to the new continent to seek the freedom much too shallow for shipping. Again, the 
of worship which had been denied them in country about Boston proved to be a fertile 
their English home. They had intended to section, while that about Plymouth was found 
settle much farther to the south, but storms to be almost worthless for farming. There- 
drove them from their course, and they were fore Boston and the surrounding towns grew 
finally glad to land at Plymouth. They were more rapidly. The two colonies were united 



unprepared for the sever- 
ity of the winter, as Plym- 
outh is much farther 
south than England. 
The winter winds in 
England, which blow 
from the ocean, are tem- 
pered by the warm 
waters of the Atlantic. 
At Plymouth the winter 
winds blow 7 from over the 
cold lands to the west 
and north, making the 
climate relatively severe. 
The suffering during the 
early years was intense, 
but nothing could turn 
these hardy settlers from 
their purpose. In spite 
of all hardships, there- 
fore, the colony pros- 
pered and new towns 
were settled. 

About ten years after 
the landing of the Pil- 
grims the Puritans began to settle the 
shores of Massachusetts Bay north of Plym- 
outh, at Salem and in the neighborhood 
of Boston. The Puritans also had left Eng- 
land to worship in their own way- Their 

Copyright, lgl6, by American Hook Company 





" The Puritan," Springfield. 
A bronze statue by St. Gaudens 



in 1692 under the name 
of Massachusetts. 

Settlements gradually 
spread from these two 
points to other parts of 
Massachusetts and New 
England. The Connect- 
icut Valley in both 
Massachusetts and Con- 
necticut proved very in- 
viting, and early settle- 
ments were made on its 
fine farming lands. 

From these simple 
beginnings Massachu- 
setts has grown into one 
of the most populous 
sections of the world. 

Questions and Exercises. 

[. Who were the Pil- 
grims ? The Puritans ; 

2. What advantages did 
the Bay ( !olonj have that 
the Plymouth Colony did 
not possess ? 

5. Make ;i list of Massa- 
chusetts men who are famous in history. 

4. Make .1 collection of pictures of historic 
places in Massachusetts. 

5. Read ;ill you can about the history of your 
home locality. Learn .ill you can about tin- ori- 
gin of the- names of places m your county. 




72 30' 






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' p l k w # hS^'a m p s 



| u » . I..M o'cl ,1 - V '^ 






alls J Hi '■ ng . 



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Longitude 73 : W«t from T^SOj Greenwich 72 ° 



P\ « 



L.L.PQATES CO., w.y. 



Map Study.— I. What states border Massa- 
chusetts r 

2. What is the capital of the state ? 

3. Locate Cape Ann and Cape Cod. 

4. Where is Cape Cod Bay ? Massachusetts 
Bay ; Buzzard's Bay ? Boston Bay ; 

5. Where is Monomoy Point? 6. Locate 
the Elizabeth Islands." 7. Where are Plum 
Island and Nahant ? 8. Locate Vineyard 
Sound and Nantucket Sound. 

9. Locate Plymouth, Provincetown, Woods 
Hole, Salem, Gloucester, Marblehead. 

10. Where are Mt. Greylock and Mt. 
Wachusett ? Where are the Berkshire Hills ? 
Taconic Mountains? lloosac Mountains: 
12. Locate Mt.Tom, Mt. Holyoke, and Mt. 
Everett. 1 3. Where is the Hoosac Tunnel ? 

14. What river crosses the state from north 
mth ? 1 5. Trace the course of the Merri- 
mack. [6. Name and trace the important 
branches of the Connecticut. 17. Locate 
and trace the Housatonic and Hoosic rivers. 
18. Trace the course of the following rivers: 



Taunton, Charles, Concord. 19. What river 
is partly in Massachusetts and partly in 
Rhode Island? 

20. Locate Lowell, Fall River, Springfield, 
Worcester, North Adams, Fitchburg, Pitts- 
field, Holyoke, Haverhill, New Bedford. 

21. What parts of Massachusetts have an 
elevation of less than 100 feet above sea It \ < 1 : 
What parts are from 100 to 500 feet in eleva- 
tion ? 500 to 1000 feet ? 1000 to 2000 feet ? 
2000 to 1000 feet ; What parts are more than 
3000 feet in elevation .' 

22. On the map find each of the counties 
of Massachusetts. Which county occupies 
the western end of the state? Which are on 
the coast ? 

POSITION AND SIZE 

Massachusetts occupies a central position 

in the New England states. Maine, New 

I [ampshire, and Vermoni lie to the north, and 

Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south. 



43 



o u g n j\_ \.J, H 



HerfOB 



. Salisbury Beach 
Salisbury 



Ni-\vbur\ 
i ^—^-tS/; Xj* ■■■ ! B - 



r '-•■■„) i ^'j |, k^'i,*ii'4Ajgsais£-'-/ : 'iV "^ j! j--tio'wioij^ *) o* 



Jfa&k <-'t<-lmsfor 



Physical and Political 

Massachusetts 

Scale of Statute Miles 

14 MILES TO ONE INCH 

©Capital -§- County Seats 

s Post office of town name 

Cities are underlined 

Size of type indicates relative 
pouulat ion of places 

700,000 and over BostOIl 

50,000 to 150.000 Worcester 




44 



GEOGRAPHY OF MASSACHUSETTS 




The Hoosic Valley and the Berkshire Hills near Williamstown 



By ordinary train one can travel from Boston 
to North Adams, almost the entire distance 
across the state, in about rive hours. By the 
use of your scale of miles determine what the 
distance really is. How far is it across the 
state from north to south along the Connect- 
icut Valley ? The length of a degree of lati- 
tude is almost 70 miles. Using this scale, 



MtfMWiMS mM * 





Conni ctii ul m Mt. Holyoke 



compare your results with those obtained by 
using the regular scale of miles. The average 
size of a state in the United States is 63,058 
square miles. Compare Massachusetts with 
this. (See p. 55.) Compare Massachusetts 
with the total area of New England. Which 
is the largest state in New England ' Which 
is the smallest ? Compare Massachusetts 
with these. How many states of the size of 
Massachusetts could he made out of Texas \ 

RELIEF 

Massachusetts may be regarded as an ele- 
vated plain, or upland. It has a maximum 
height of more than 3000 feet in the north- 
western section of the state and slopes gently 
to the sea toward the east and south. 1 he 
rivers have cut deep and narrow valleys into 
this upland, giving the central and western 
parrs of the state a rugged or even moun- 
tainous appearance. The beautiful Berk- 
shire Hills are the highest portions of the 
si ite. 

The Connecticut has cul a much broader 
vallej than the other rivers because it runs 
over much softer rocks. This broad open 
s .ill, \ i Fig. 92 ) s< parat< s th< western from 
tin eastern upland and extends across the 



GEOGRAPHY OF MASSACHUSETTS 



45 



entire state from north to south. It is very North of Cape Ann are the long sand 
narrow at the north but widens to about bars of Plum Island and Salisbury Beach. 
twenty miles on the southern boundary. Behind them are extensive salt marshes and 
This valley is perhaps the most valuable agri- lagoons. The Merrimack discharges most of 
cultural land in the state. Its open meadow its water between these barrier beaches, and 
lands very early attracted , , its mouth is guarded by 



settlers from the Bay Col- 
ony, and some of the old- 
est towns in the state 
are located here. 

Mt. Tom and Mt. 
Holyoke are conspicuous 
elevations in the valley 
and are made of hard 
rock which has not worn 
down so rapidly as the sur- 
rounding materials. Mt. 
Wachusett, standing on 
the upland, has had a 
similar origin. 

The Berkshire Valley 
has been cut into the up- 
land near the western 




jetties to prevent the for- 
mation of bars. South 
of Cape Ann, along the 
northern shores of Massa- 
chusetts Bay, the coast is 
very rocky. 

Boston Harbor is finely 
protected by a series of 
islands and by long bar- 
rier beaches connecting 
the islands with one an- 
other and with the main- 
land. The water is deep 
enough for large ocean- 
going vessels. 

South of Boston the 
coast continues somewhat 



border of the state, mainly by the Housa- rocky, alternating with sandy stretches as far 

tonic River. This, too, has been cut into as Scituate. Beyond this it becomes sandy 

soft rock, but is not so wide as the Connecti- with occasional bowldery points. 

cut and stands at a much higher altitude. 

The valley is noted for its beautiful scenery DKAIINAue. 

and is a fine farming country. Mt. Greylock, The Connecticut River crosses the state 

in the northern part of the valley, is the from north to south and continues southward 

highest mountain in the state. to Long Island Sound. On its western side 

The eastern part of the state is the least it receives the Deerfield and the Westfield 

rugged section. Here the rivers run in shal- from the western upland. On its eastern side 

low valleys not far above sea level, and much it receives the Chicopee and Millers horn the 

of the country is a plain of moderate elevation, central upland. These branches run in deep 

All over the state the great ice sheet (Sec. gorges. The Millers and the Deerfield at the 

32) has left its materials in various forms, north join the Connecticut Valley nearly op- 

thus modifying the relief in many ways, posite to each other, and the same is true of 

Drumlins and moraines (Fig. 37) are com- the Chicopee and the Westfield at the south, 

mon in the eastern sections of the state. It is interesting to note that the two impor- 

Massachusetts has a varied coast line, tant railroad lines crossing the state from east 

Cape Ann is a blunt and rocky headland pro- to west follow these valleys through the larger 

jecting but a short distance out to sea, while part of their courses. 

Cape Cod is an arm of sand and gravel, which The Housatonic, farther to the west, Hows 

reaches far out into the Atlantic and incloses southward through Connecticut, and the 

the waters of Cape Cod Bay (Sec. 82). Hoosic Hows northward into the Hudson. 



4 6 



GEOGRAPHY OF MASSACHUSETTS 



The Hoosic Valley is separated from the 
Deerfield by the Hoosac Mountains. 

In the east the Merrimack enters the state 
from New Hampshire and flows for about 
thirty-five miles through the northeastern 
corner of the state on its way to the ocean. 
The Concord joins the Merrimack at Lowell. 
The Charles flows eastward into Boston Bay, 
and the Blackstone and Taunton southward 
into Narragansett Bay. I he Merrimack, 

Charles, and Taunton have tides at their 
mouths and are navigable for small craft for 
a short distance from the sea. The rivers 
of the state, however, possess very little 
value for navigation purposes, but such swift- 
flowing streams as the Deerfield, Millers, 
Westfield, Chicopee, Housatonic, and Hoosic 
rivers have large value as power producers. 
Such important manufacturing centers as 
Lowell, Lawrence, Holyoke, Chicopee Falls, 
Shelburne Falls, and Turners Falls owe their 
development to excellent water power fur- 
nished by tails or rapids. 

A view from the summit of almost any New 
England mountain will show a large number of 
lakes and ponds of various sizes in the land- 
scape. Massachusetts alone has hundreds 
of these lakes. They are mainly the results of 
glacial action (Sees. 30, 31, 32). Massachu- 
setts was overrun by the great ice sheet which 
reached as far south as Nantucket, Martha's 
Vineyard, and the Elizabeth Islands. The 
glacial deposits were laid down unevenly, 



leaving basins in which water collected to 
form the lakes and ponds. In places glacial 
materials blocked up the valleys, causing the 
streams to expand into lakes or to change their 
courses. In this way not only were the lakes 
formed but as the rivers cut down their new 
channels and came to buried ledges, water- 
falls and rapids were developed. The falls 
at Lowell and Lawrence were formed in this 
way (Fig. 88). 

All over Cape Cod, and to the south and 
west of Plymouth, great numbers of lakes 
and ponds occur. Many ot these are now in 
the process of filling, and many have become 
almost filled, thus forming swamps (Sec. 79). 

The lakes are of great importance to the 
state. Where they are formed by river ex- 
pansion they serve as reservoirs and tend to 
prevent floods, thus making the flow of water 
more constant. Most of the ice supply comes 
from these lakes, and many cities and towns 
obtain their water supply from them. 

CLIMATE 

Climate is always an important factor in 
the development of any country, and it has 
had its large influence upon the life of Massa- 
chusetts (Sec. 83). On the whole, the climate 
is healthful and favorable to agriculture. 
The winters are cold and the summers are hot. 
While the winters are severe, they are not cold 
enough to close the harbors or to kill the more 
hardy plants upon which men of the temper- 




GEOGRAPHY OF MASSACHUSETTS 



47 




Mean annual temperature in Massachusetts 




Mean annual rainfall in Massachusetts 



ate zone have come to depend. The necessity 
of providing for the severe winters has doubt- 
less done much to develop economy and 
thrift, traits of character for which the New 
Englander is noted. 

Massachusetts lies in the belt of prevailing 
westerly winds. The winds of winter are 
mainly from the cold land to the north and 
west, while those of summer are horn the 
southwest. 

Rainfall is well distributed through the 
year, the growing crops usually getting a 
good supplv, though droughts are not un- 
common. The rainfall is supplied by the 
passage of cyclonic areas over New England 
(Sec. 61). The summer rains come mainly 
in the form of thunder storms associated with 
the cyclonic areas. The extreme change- 
ableness of the New England weather is due 
to the passage of these cyclones and anti- 
cyclones. 

Questions and Exercises. — I. From a study of the 
temperature charts on this page determine which 
are the warmer and which the colder parts of the 
state. Can you account for this difference ? 
(Sec. 27.) 2. The average January temperature 
for the state as a whole is between 25° and 30 , 
and that of July is about 70 : determine the 
number of days in the growing season for the 
eastern and western sections (Fig. 71). Why is 
tins difference ? 

3. From the chart on this page determine the 
average annual rainfall for the state as a whole. 



4. Which part has the heaviest fall and which 
the lightest ? Account for this. 

5. Why is there much less snow on the coast 
than inland ? 

AGRICULTURE 

Soil. — Much of the soil of Massachusetts 
was brought from the north by the great 
ice sheet (Sec. 32) and left spread out over 
the country as the ice melted away. This 
glacial soil is composed of clay, sand, and 
gravel, mixed with many bowlders of varying 
sizes. Glacial bowlders are common every- 
where, often in such great numbers as to 
require a large amount of work in clearing 
the land. 

The best soil for farming is in the broader 
valleys, where it is fine, deep, and fertile, and 
at the same time spread out in level tracts 
so as to be easily cultivated. The Connecti- 
cut Valley is an excellent example of this. 
The hill farms of the highlands are likelj to 
have a rough surface, with a thin and rocky 
soil, and are much better suited to dairying 
than to agriculture. 

In the Housatonic Valley the soil has been 
derived, in large part, from limestone rock, and 
in this respect is different from tin- soils in 
other sections of the state. This, too, is a 
good farming region. 

In the eastern section of the state the soil 
is rather light, being in general a mixture 
of sand and gravel with varying proportions 



4 8 



GEOGRAPHY OF MASSACHUSETTS 



of clay. The northern half of this section 
has more clay than the southern. The soil 
about Boston is very good for market 
gardening. 

In the southeast corner of the state, in- 
cluding Cape Cod, are many swamps which 
have been formed by the partial filling of 
glacial lakes (Sec. 79). These are among 
the most valuable agricultural lands of tin- 
state, being excellent for the cultivation of 
cranberries. 

The best farms are located in the valleys. 
Probably the very best are on the level floor 
of the Connecticut Valley (Fig. 19). In the 
more hilly sections of the state the high 
hilltops and steeper slopes have thin and 
rocky soils generally used as pasture lands, 
and dairying is important in those places. 
The lower hills and gentler slopes, with their 
thicker and finer soils, are generally used for 
farming lands. They are especially suited to 
fruit raising. 

Forests. It is probable that the entire 
state was originally wooded, with the possible 
exception of certain meadow lands in the 
wider river valleys. To-day approximately 
one half of the state is forest area or waste 
land. The early settlers had to clear the 
lands before they could do their farming. 

Much of the land cleared 111 the early 
days was too rocky and hilly, or too sandy 
and gravelly, ever to make good farming 
land and was finally abandoned. On many 
of the abandoned farms young forests have 
grown up, and these re- 
forested tracts are worth 
more than they ever were as 
farms. It is probable thai 
then- is more woodland in 
the state to-daj than then 
was fiftj years ago, though 
much of tins is hardlj more 

1 hail waste land. ( hir foresl S 
have been wasted in the 

pa 1. and little (Hon h.is 

been made to 1 1 plant .11 < .is 



which have been cut or burned over. Mas- 
sachusetts now has a State Forester who 
is arousing interest and teaching the people 
how to care for their forests and how to make 
these waste lands productive. The state is 
maintaining nurseries for the growth of 
young trees for transplanting, and these are 
distributed among the people at the lowest 
possible cost. The state is also buying waste 
land and reforesting it. Many laws are made 
to protect the forests against fire and pests 
in order to increase forest products. Even 
now, with the little care that has been given 
them, the forests are annually yielding prod- 
ucts worth about $4,000,000. These come 
mainly from white pine and chestnut. The 
pine is extensively used for box boards and 
the chestnut for railroad ties. 

Crops. -- Massachusetts farms are usually 
small and a large proportion of them are of 
the rockv, hillv tvpe, so that machinery can- 
not be extensively used as in the West. Much 
of the work must be done by hand or by simple 
machinery. The West, with its large farms, 
extensive use of machinery, and cheap freight 
rates, is able to supply Massachusetts with 
cereals cheaper than she can raise them her- 
self. The Massachusetts farmer is therefore 
giving much of his attention to special crops. 
The numerous cities and large towns furnish 
him an excellent market for his produce. 
There is a large demand for vegetables, and 
market gardening is extensively carried on in 
the vicinity of the larger cities. The market- 




GEOGRAPHY OF MASSACHUSETTS 



49 




garden farms about Boston are especially 
noted. The soil in that section is well 



States are raised in Barnstable and Plym- 
outh counties. 

Large quantities of tobacco and onions are 
grown in the Connecticut Valley. 

Hay, oats, and corn are crops of consider- 
able value. These are used as food for 
horses and dairy cattle. 

Fruit raising is an important branch of agri- 
culture throughout the state and is increas- 
ing in importance. All the hardy fruits do 
w T ell. Small fruits are raised in abundance 
for the local market. Apples, pears, peaches, 
and grapes of excellent quality are produced 
in good quantities. Much of the land, too 
rough for general cultivation, is being con- 
verted into profitable orchards. 

Animal Products. — Dairying is a very 
important industry in the state. Massachu- 
setts raises many fine cattle that furnish large 
amounts of milk, and cream for the cities and 



adapted to this kind of farming, as is also that towns. They cannot begin to furnish all that 

in the Merrimack Valley and parts of the Con- is needed, however. Every day trainloads of 

necticut Valley. Such farms are most care- milk come into Boston, not only from the 

fully cultivated, and are often made to yield country towns of Massachusetts, but from 

two or more crops a year. , nearly every part of 

The greenhouse is much f^^^B New England Se< 

vegetables are supplied jfT '"^njr^^j^—^ .. ^"i» j are nearly 7000 farms 

bogs. This is done by 'dm, forced by health author- 

digging up the bushes IBLEfiJffBHM ities or dairy inspectors, 

and covering the ex- Milking in a clean dairy barn in order to insure clean 

posed peat with a thin " milk and prevent sick- 

layer of sand. The low running cranberry ness. So much fresh milk and cream is sold 
vines are set out in this sand and in a few that comparatively little butter and cheese are 
years yield large and profitable crops. The made. Massachusetts depends upon othei 
peat, sand, and climate of this section states for these products, 
seem to be exactly suited to the growth The demand for fresh eggs and poulm is 

of this fruit. About three fifths of all so great that poultry raising is a very impor- 
the cranberries produced in the United tant branch of agriculture. 



5° 



GEOGRAPHY OF MASSACHUSETTS 



FISHING 

Cod, haddock, halibut, bluefish, mackerel, 
and herring are a few of the many valuable 
food fish that inhabit the coast waters of the 
state. 

In the earlier days nearly every shore town 
with a small harbor had its own little fleet 
of fishing vessels. This was particularly 
true of Cape Cod. 1 he business to-day is 
mainly centered at Gloucester, Boston, and 
Provincetown. Boston is the most important 
fishing port in the country (Sec. 95). 

The fishing industry is mainly carried on 
by fishing vessels fitted out especially for this 
work, several hundred of which sail from the 
ports of Massachusetts. They visit the 

Banks " oft" the coasts of Newfoundland 
and New England, where large numbers of 
cod, haddock, and halibut are taken. The 
fresh fish are sold direct to the markets or 
put in cold storage, where they may be kept 
for a long time. Codfish that are salted are 
dried in the sun. Many of them are then 
boned, shredded, packed in boxes, and sold 
as boneless or shredded codfish. Gloucester 




Setting a purse net 



and Provincetown do a large part of this 
work (Fig. 108). 

Mackerel and bluefish swim in large schools 
near the surface. When a school is dis- 
covered, the fish are surrounded by a great net 
or seine, which is carefully drawn in from the 
bottom, forming a pocket or purse from which 
the fish cannot escape. Large numbers may 
be taken at once in this way. These fish are 
iced or salted, and in either form find a ready 
market. 

Many fish, such as mackerel, bass, bluefish. 
and squeteague, are taken in weirs along the 
shores. These are huge fish pens so built 




~-*»*«i»l 




i 



■jHittaVi-"'': 






F F 





Drying salt fish at Gloucester 




GEOGRAPHY OF MASSACHUSETTS 



5i 



that schools offish, swimming along the shore, 
will easily find their way into them but can- 
not find their way out. These weirs may be 
seen reaching oft from shore on the inner side 
of Cape Cod as one drives from Barnstable to 
Provincetown. 

Lobsters are taken in large quantities horn 
the rocky bottoms along the shores. They 
are caught in traps, or pots as the fishermen 
call them, and are in such demand in the 
markets that the supply is in danger of being 
exhausted. State laws regulate the size of 
those that may be taken. 

Clams, oysters, and scallops are taken from 
the flats and shallow waters along the shore. 
From the time of the earliest settlement 
these have been sought as food supplies and 
there is danger of exhaustion. Certain varie- 
ties are already very scarce, and the state is 
attempting to protect them by laws governing 
the sizes and quantities that may be taken, 
as well as the methods that may be employed 
in the taking. Shore reservations are granted 
to individuals or companies for the growth 
of oysters and clams, and protection is given 




in these rights. Many of these reservations 
on Cape Cod are producing large quantities 
of fine oysters. By proper care much larger 
food supplies may thus be obtained. 

The national government maintains hatch- 
eries and distributes the young of various 
species of fish in the waters along the coast. 
Such a hatchery is maintained at Woods 
Hole. 

MINING 

Granite is Massachusetts' largest mineral 
product. The Quincy granite is most widelv 
known. This is of excellent quality and is 
extensively used for building and for curb 
and paving stones. It takes a beautiful 
polish and is therefore widely used for monu- 
mental purposes. The Quincy quarries were 
among the earliest to be opened in New 
England. In 1827 a short tramway was built 
from one of the quarries for the transportation 
of granite by horse power. Many believe that 
this was the first railroad to be built in New 
England. A part of the old road may still 
be seen at the quarry in West Quincv. Gran- 
ite of good quality is also quarried at Glouces- 
ter, Rockport, and Fitchburg. It occurs in 
many other places. 

In the western part of the state marble of 
good quality is found at North Adams, Lee, 
Egremont, and Sheffield. That at Lee is 
best known. These marbles are all used for 
building purposes. 

Limestone, suitable for making lime, is 
found and worked in several small quarries 
in the Hoosic and Housatonic valleys. 

Sandstone, of an excellent quality for build- 
ing, is quarried at East Longmeadow in the 
Connecticut Valley. This is the famous 

brownstone," so extensively used in the 
past for the building of fine residences. Other 
building stones seem to be taking its place 
at present and the quarrying has been greatlj 
reduced. 

At Chester there is the largest emery mine 
in the country. This material is made into 



S 2 



GEOGRAPHY OF MASSACHUSETTS 



Value in millions of dollars. Census 1910 
50 100 150 200 



BOOTS AND SHOES 
(Missouri) 



COTTON GOODS 
North Carolina 



WOOLEN GOODS 
(Pennsj 1 . ;n 



DYEING AND FINISHING 
TEXTILES 

PRESERVING FISH 

(Washington). 



PAPER & PULP 
(New York) 



RUBBER & RUBBER GOODS 
(Ohio 




Important manufactures in which 
Massachusetts holds first or second rank 



various forms for polishing metals and sharp- 
ening tools. The emerv powder, paper, and 
wheels are in general use. 

The pyrite, found near Davis in the western 
part of the state, is valuable for the manu- 
facture of sulphuric acid. 

Clays are widely distributed over the state 
and are extensively used in the manufacture 
of bricks and tiles. 

I he tine roads which Massachusetts is 
building are made possible by the abundance 
of rocks for the making of crushed stone, 
and the sand and gravel so extensively used 
in the road-making process. 



MANUFAC- 
TURING 

Early Develop- 
ment. - Massachu- 
setts is one of the 
leading manufac- 
i in ing states of I hi 
couni i \ , ranking as 
t hird in the country 
at large and first 
m the New Eng- 
land staus. There 

an in ai K as mam 

pi i .pit engaged in 

t Ills OCC ll pa 1 ion 
alum- as in all ol hers 



of the state combined. About seven or eight 
times as many people are employed in this 
industry as are engaged in operating all the 
farms of the state. 

In the early days Massachusetts supplied 
her own raw materials and used her streams 
for power. To-day steam has largely taken 
the place of water power, although water 
power is being extensively developed. Elec- 
tric plants are being built on the streams, 
and the electricity, generated by water power, 
is transmitted to the places where it is needed. 
Massachusetts produces no coal and must 
bring from other states what she needs for 
making steam. Practically all raw materials 
must also be obtained elsewhere. This lack 
of coal and raw material is a serious handicap 
to the state. Her early start in business, 
however, has given to Massachusetts large 
plants and great numbers of skilled workmen. 
Her excellent harbors and railroads enable 
her to get the coal and raw material with ease, 
and to ship away her manufactured goods. 
Nearness to the great centers of population 
in the East gives excellent markets, and her 
position is most favorable for foreign trade. 

Manufacture of Textiles. — The manufac- 
ture of textiles is the leading industry of the 




■ Water power plants 

'■'. 
\s 

i district 



Location of important water power plants and metropolitan water district 



GEOGRAPHY OF MASSACHUSETTS 



:; 




Twisting room in a woolen mill 



Shearing cloth in a woolen mill 



state. In general it includes the manufacture 
of all kinds of cotton, woolen, silk, and linen 
goods. Only the first two, however, are of 
great importance in the state, and in the 
manufacture of these Massachusetts holds 
first rank in the country. 

Woolen mills are widely scattered through- 
out the state. For the most part, however, 
the industry is concentrated at a few centers 
and is carried on in very large mills. Law- 
rence, Lowell, and Worcester are the most 
important centers. Clinton manufactures 
carpets. Very little wool is now raised in 
Massachusetts, and the mills have to depend 
upon other sections for it. Boston is the 
greatest wool market in America. 

The cotton industry was also early devel- 
oped. It did not come quite as early, how- 
ever, as the woolen, perhaps in part because 
the cotton could not be raised in this climate. 
With the development of the industry has 
come an ever increasing demand for raw cot- 
ton. At first it was difficult to raise and 
prepare enough for the market, largely be- 
cause of the difficulty of ginning, that is, the 
snipping of the cotton fiber from the seed. 
The invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whit- 



ney in 1792 removed this difficulty and in- 
creased the quantity of cotton for manufac- 
ture. The tendency in this, as in the woolen 
industry, is to gather about a few important 
centers in very large mills. Fall River, New 
Bedford, and Lowell are the great cotton- 
manufacturing cities of the state. There is 
such a demand for labor in these great mills 
that many immigrants find employment in 
them. All kinds of cotton goods are manu- 
factured. They find a market all over tin- 
world, but the largest quantity is sold in our 
own country. Vast numbers of people find 
employment in the handling of these goods. 

The Tanning Industry. — Ever since its 
beginning tanning has been an important 
Massachusetts industry. It is interesting to 
note that it has had its principal develop- 
ment in the towns very near the point where 
it began in eastern Massachusetts. Peabody, 
Lynn, Salem, and Woburn are the important 
centers to-day. The hides first used were 
those of cattle and sheep raised in the com- 
munity. To-day Massachusetts obtains 
nearly all rlu- hides used in her tanneries 
from outside. Boston is the principal market 
for hides and leather. 



54 



GEOGRAPHY OF MASSACHUSETTS 



Boots and Shoes. — The largest use of 
leather is in the manufacture ot boots and 
shoes. Massachusetts stands first in this in- 
dustry. This state makes nearly five times as 
many shoes as are made in any other state 
and nearly half of all that are made in the 
country. The great bulk of the business is 
in the eastern section of the state, particu- 
larly in towns within easy reach of Boston, 
which is the great trade center for leather and 
shoes. The larger manufacturing centers are 
Lynn, Brockton, and Haverhill, though many 
other cities and towns are large producers. 

Metal Manufactures. — In the early days 
Massachusetts, even with her meager supply 
of ore, was the leader in all kinds of iron manu- in every important manufacturing center, 
facturing. This is not true to-day, but the Besides Boston, Worcester may be regarded as 
industry is still very large indeed. The busi- the most important center tor the manutac- 
ness is now mainly of such a character as to ture of machinery. Artisans' tools ot fine 
call for much skilled labor and comparatively grade are manufactured in great numbers and 
little metal and coal. This means the devel- in great variety, 
opment of special lines of work. Waltham watches are among the most 

The great manufacturing business in the famous in the world. They are made en- 
state calls for a vast amount of machinery, tirely by a series of most wonderful machines, 
often of the most delicate character. This So accurate are these machines in their work 




machinery, in large measure, has been in- 
vented and manufactured near the locality 
where it is used. It thus happens that the 
manufacture of machinery lias become the 



that the watch is said to be as accurate a 
timekeeper as the hand-made watch of 
Switzerland. 

Stoves are manufactured at Taunton and 



leading metal industry of the state. Machine Watertown, electrical appliances at Lynn, 
simps are widely scattered and are to be found and agricultural implements at Framingham. 

Chicopee Falls, and Easton. 
1 hese are bur a few ot the 
great number of metal 
manufactures of the state. 
Wire goods, cutlery, fire- 
arms, and cai 1 1 idges, rolled 
brass and copper. sil\ I i 
and plated ware, bicycles, 
automobiles, .mil sewing 
machines are among the 
main others constituting 
i he greal \ arietj of M.iss.i- 
chusc 1 1 s products. 

The Paper Industry. 
Massachusetts ranks second 



T^^^^T mtr.^^^ 


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u JU J I\ |# 

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Shops where firearms arc made for the U.S. Government, Springfield 



GEOGRAPHY OF MASSACHUSETTS 



55 




among the states in the production of paper vided for the factories, manufactured goods 

(Fig. 42). Water power is extensively used must be sent to market, and business men 

in the manufacture and a large amount of must be able to travel swiftly in all directions, 

water is necessary in the process. For these Massachusetts has therefore developed a very 

reasons we find the industry largely centered complete system of steam and electric roads, 
in the Connecticut and Berkshire valleys, Most of the railroads of Massachusetts were 

either upon the large rivers or their tribu- originally independent lines, but have now 

taries. The paper manufactured in this been combined, for the most part, into two 

section is made in large measure from linen great systems, the New York, New Haven, 

rags and is of a high grade. Holyoke is and Hartford, and the Boston and Maine, 

not only the greatest paper center of the In general the Boston and Maine system 

state, but of the country as well. Its mills covers northern New England and connects 

turn out more than three hundred tons of Massachusetts with that region and with the 

fine paper each day. A large part of this is Canadian roads running to the west. The 

writing and book paper. Dalton, near Pitts- New York, New Haven, and Hartford system 

field, is famous for its production of the fine covers southern New England and connects 

paper from which the government bank notes Massachusetts with Rhode Island, Connecti- 

are made. Fitchburg, Lawrence, and Walpole cut, and New York. There are two main 

are important paper centers outside of the lines extending across the state from east to 

Connecticut and Berkshire valleys. Massa- west. The Fitchburg division of the Boston 

chusetts does not manufacture large quanti- and Maine lies to the north. It passes through 

ties of newspaper. This is made from wood Fitchburg, follows the Millers and Deerfield 

pulp and is generally manufactured near the valleys, passes through the Hoosac Tunnel, and 

pulp mills Maine and New Hampshire terminates at Troy, New York. The Boston 

and Albany lies to the smith, passes through 
Worcester and Springfield, follows the Chico- 



have the larger part of this business. 
TRANSPORTATION 

The great industries of Massachusetts 
make necessary a good system of transporta- 
tion. Raw materials and fuel must be pro- Central States. 



pee and Westfield valleys, and terminates at 
Albany. These roads make connections with 

the great trunk lines that extend to the North 



56 



GEOGRAPHY OF MASSACHUSETTS 



The electric railways connect not only the 
populous centers, but many of them extend far 
out into the rural sections of the state. 1 hey 
are greatly stimulating country lite and have 
added much to the value of farm property. 

Massachusetts is also developing a most 
excellent system of state highways, perhaps 
the best in the country. The cities, towns, 
and counties are also building many new 
roads, and the state is aiding them liberally 
with money and advice. Approximately one 
thousand miles of state highway have already 
been built. The building of these highways 
has been greatly stimulated by the advent of 
the automobile. These roads are especially 
beneficial to the rural sections. Many of our 
most attractive summer resorts, heretofore, 
hard to reach, are now very accessible. Very 
heavy loads can be hauled easily over these 
well-kept highways. 

Numerous lines of steamers center at Bos- 
ton, connecting with both foreign and domes- 
tic ports. The recently completed Cape Cod 
Canal greatly decreases the distance and dan- 
ger for shipping between Boston and New 
York. Kail River and New York are con- 
nected by steamers. 

GOVERNMENT 

In the government of the state there are 
three separate departments, — the legislative, 
executive, and judicial. The legislative de- 
partment makes the laws, the executive exe- 




cutes them or carries them into effect, and 
the judicial decides questions of law and 
justice. 

The legislature of Massachusetts is called 
the general court and is the oldest legislative 
body in the country. The senate has forty 
members and the house of representatives 
two hundred and forty. These are elected 
annually by the people. 

The executive department consists of a 
governor and his council, a lieutenant gov- 
ernor, secretary of state, treasurer, auditor, 
and attorney general. These officers are 
elected annually by the people. The gov- 
ernor is the chief executive. 

The judicial department consists ol the 
various courts of the state. The judges of 
the higher courts are appointed by the gov- 
ernor with the advice and consent ol the 
council, and hold office during good behavior. 




GEOGRAPHY OF MASSACHUSETTS 

EDUCATION 



57 



The county, in Massachusetts, is not a 
prominent unit in government as it is in many 

of the other states. Its organizations are Massachusetts has always believed that 

mainly associated with the work of the courts, public education is a necessity to a self- 

though some of the highways and bridges governing people. She has therefore spent 

come under the care of county commis- money freely in the education of her citizens, 

sioners. As early as 1(147 a law was passed making it 

The town has played an important part necessary for every town of fifty or more 

in the government from the beginning. The householders to provide a " schoolmaster " 

town meeting is a New England institution, for the instruction of her youth. This was 

The church, the school, and the town hall the beginning of the present public school 

have generally stood side by side and suggest system. To-day there are approximately 



the New England idea 
of government. At these 
annual town meetings each 
voter has a direct voice in 
the government of his 
town. Matters relating to 
the common welfare are 
discussed and voted upon. 
Money is raised and ap- 
propriated for the general 
expenses of the towm, such 
as the care of the schools, 
the roads, the poor, the fire 
department, and the police 
department. Officers are 
elected to attend to the 
town business through the 
year. These officers are 
generally a board of select- 
men and assessors, a treas- 
urer, a clerk, and a tax 
collector. The annual 
town meeting is a good 




Statue of John Harvard, Harvard 
University 



17,000 teachers employed 
in these schools and more 
than half a million boys 
and girls attend them. 
More than twenty million 
dollars a year are spent in 
maintaining the schools. 
The law requires that all 
children shall attend school 
between the years of seven 
and fourteen. Every bov 
and girl in Massachusetts 
has the opportunity of 
acquiring a high-school 
education at public ex- 
pense. In addition to the 
public schools there are 
many fine academies and 
private schools. About 
one sixth of the boys and 
girls ol the state attend 
these private schools. 
A state board of educa- 



example of a democratic form of government, tion, appointed by the governor, has the 

When a town gets to be too large for this general supervision of education in the state. 

form of government, it may become a city and The secretary of this board is practically the 

adopt a representative system. The people state superintendent. 

elect a mayor and a board of aldermen. The schools of each town arc under the 

They together constitute the city council, control of a school committee elected by the 

This council is given power to pass such people. Every town is required by law to 



measures as may be necessary for the govern- 
ment of the city. Other officers may In- 
appointed by the mayor or elected by the 

people. 



employ a local superintendent whose duty it 
is to direct the work of the schools. Several 
towns may combine and employ a super- 
intendent whose salar) is paid, in pan, l>\ 



58 



GEOGRAPHY OF MASSACHUSETTS 



the state. This enables smaller towns to 
receive better supervision. 

Those who wish to continue their education 
beyond the high school find ample opportu- 
nity in the various colleges and other institu- 
tions of higher learning. Among the colleges 
for women are: Wellesley College at Welles- 
ley, Simmons at Boston, Radcliffe at Cam- 
bridge (Harvard), Smith at Northampton, 
Mt. Holyoke at South Hadley, Lasell at Au- 
burndale, Wheaton at Norton, and Jackson 
at Medford (Tufts). 

Among the institutions for men, Harvard 
Universitv is the largest and most widely 
known. It was founded in 1636, only six 
vears after the settlement at Boston, and is 
the oldest institution for higher learning 
in the United States. The other important 
institutions are Amherst College at Amherst ; 
Clark University, Clark College, College of 
the Holy Cross, Worcester Polytechnic School, 
all at Worcester; Tufts College at Medford; 
Williams College at Williamstown ; Boston 
College, Boston University, at Boston ; and 
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology 
at Cambridge. 

The state also maintains ten state normal 
schools for the training of public school 
teachers. The Normal Art School tor the 
training of art teachers is located at Boston. 
The other normal schools are at Bndgewater, 
Fitchburg, Framingham, Hyannis, Lowell, 
North Adams, Salem, Westfield, and Worces- 
ter. 

The State Agricultural College at Amherst 




is for the training of those who wish to be- 
come skilled in agriculture either as teachers, 
overseers, or practical farmers. The College 
is also attempting in various ways to help 
the farmers of the state to do more scientific 
farming. Other independent agricultural 
schools and some of the high schools are 
being encouraged by state aid to give instruc- 
tion in practical agriculture. An increasing 
number of industrial schools ot various kinds 
are being maintained at public expense in 
different sections of the state. 

POPULATION AND CITIES 

Massachusetts is a very densely populated 
state. In [910 on an average 4 1 S persons 
lived on each square mile of its area. In tin- 
United States as a whole there were only 31 
persons to the square mile. Rhode Island, 
with 508 to the square mile, was the only state 
with a greater density. 

The total population of the state is 3,693," 
310 (State census. 1 0,1 5 ). Approximate^ 
two thirds of all these people live within a 




Massachusetts Institute ■>! Technology, Cambridge 



GEOGRAPHY OF MASSACHUSETTS 



59 



/ • 
/ ■" 
j: : 
i- 

i . ■ 



I 







People are most numerous 
where the dots are thickest 




Density of population in Massachusetts 



radius of thirty miles of Boston. Bristol 
County to the south and Hampden County 
in the Connecticut Valley are also quite 



in the city and a large part of the buying 
and selling for the mills is done here. Raw 
materials are easily obtained and manufac- 
tured goods are easily put upon the market 
because of the excellent shipping facilities. 

The demand for workmen has been so 
great in these industrial centers that large 
numbers have come from abroad. Nearly 
one third of the total population of the state 
is foreign born. Of the remaining two thirds, 
about one half have had one parent born 
abroad. Most of these people are engaged 
in the industrial centers, but many of them 
are taking up neglected farm lands of the 
state and are thus adding materially to 
its agricultural wealth. 

Boston. — Boston is the metropolis of New 



densely populated (Table II). The western England, and is the fifth city of the United 

upland, lying west of the Connecticut, and States in population. It has an extensive 

the Cape Cod section, are the least densely commerce both foreign and domestic. Its 

populated portions of the state. The central tra de with foreign lands is excelled only by 

upland has a somewhat denser population New York. The growth of the city is mainly 



than the western upland. 

In agricultural regions people are widely 
separated or live in small villages. In indus- 
trial and commercial sections, where many 
workmen are needed, they must live near to- 
gether. In 191 5 Massachusetts had thirty- 
five cities. Twenty-six of these and one town 
had a population ot more than 25,000 each. 
Four of the cities lie in the Connecticut 
Valley, tw T o to the west of it, and twenty- 
nine to the east of it. The excellent water 
power on the Merrimack (Fig. 88) and at 
Fall River gave manufacturing an early start 
at these points, and with the introduction 
ot steam these factories were enlarged and 
many others sprang up. These mills had the 
advantage also of being near good harbors. 
Boston, because of its position and excel- 
lent harbor, became the great railroad and 
commercial center of New England. Manu- 
facturers find it greatly to their advantage 
to be near such a city as this. They have 
therefore built many factories in the towns 
about Boston. Often their main offices are 



due to its fine harbor and excellent position. 
A glance at the map of Massachusetts will 
show its fortunate position. Boston Bay 
deeply indents the coast and Boston lies on 
the extreme western shore. 1 his takes the 
city well into the body of the state and 
makes the harbor more available than any 
other on the coast. Railroads naturally 
center at such a point, and Boston has be- 
come the greatest railroad center ot New 




MANUFACTURING 
. TRADE. 



, CLERICAL SERVICE 

. TRANSPORTATION 

. PROFESSIONAL SERVICE 

. AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY. 

. PUBLIC SERVICE 

. FISHING 



Proportion of persons engaged in each class 
of occupations in Massachusetts, Census 1910 



6o 



GEOGRAPHY OF MASSACHUSETTS 



England. The harbor it- 
self is well protected by 
various headlands and 
islands and has a good 
depth of water. It has 
been necessary, however, 
to do some dredging for 
the larger ocean steamers. 
Boston Harbor is a very 
busv place, with its miles 
of docks and great variety 
of vessels. 

In common with most 
large cities Boston has 
many large and varied in- 
dustries and is a very im- 
portant trade center. fhe 




Vestibule, Boston Public Library 



The city now covers many 
miles of country surround- 
ing the original site. 

A great many of the 
people doing business in 
Boston have their homes 
in the various towns sur- 
rounding the city. This 
is possible because of the 
excellent transportation fa- 
cilities, both steam and 
electric. In years gone 
by the people who made 
their home in Boston were 
mainly New Englanders. 
To-day the city is the 
home of thousands who 



preparation of food products, including an have come to these shores from foreign 

extensive sugar-refining business, the manu- lands. 

facture of clothing, boots and shoes, and the Few cities offer better opportunities for 

publishing of many books, constitute only education. The public schools are among the 

a feu- of the many lines of industry. It is best and there are many institutions of higher 

the greatest wool and leather market in education, both within the city and in the 

America. Vast quantities of cotton and nearby towns. Boston has long been known 

other commodities are also distributed from as a literary and educational center. The 

this port. The city is also the great banking city has played an important part in the his- 

center of New England. tory of our country and has many places ot 

The original site of Boston was a hilly historic interest. 
peninsula, joined to the mainland by marshes. An extensive system of parks and drive- 
As the city has grown, these marsh lands ways encircling the city has been developed. 
have been filled in at great expense and are The Metropolitan Park System, under the 
now covered with many Hue residences and direction of the state, lies outside ot the city 
business establishments. The Back Bay system and includes sea beaches, drives, forest 
District is a part of the area thus "reclaimed." lands, and playgrounds for Greater Boston. 



fit 




1 *j£&-M& 

Boston Harbor 







GEOGRAPHY OF MASSACHUSETTS 



61 




These recreation areas mean much tor a 
community of such dense population. 

The problem of supplying a great city with 
pure water is always a large one. The 
Metropolitan Water District includes Boston 
and many of its suburban towns and cities. 
The water supply for this district comes from 
numerous reservoirs to the west ot the city. 
The most important of these are Cochituate, 
Sudbury, and Wachusett. The one at 
Wachusett is nearly forty miles from Boston. 
Great care is taken to keep 
the water in these reservoirs 
free from all impurities, as the 
health of so many people de- 
pends upon it. 

There are a dozen cities within 
ten miles of the city limits of 
Boston. These are Cambridge, 
Lynn, Somerville, Maiden, New- 
ton, Everett, Quincy, Chelsea, 
Waltham, Medford, Revere, and 
Melrose. 1 he town of Brookline, 
with a population of nearly 30,000, 
is almost surrounded by parts of 
Boston. It is the largest town in 
Massachusetts. These- cities and 
towns, with several others of large 
size, make up a population prac- 
tically continuous with that of 
Boston, and are largely residential. 



Cambridge, lying; just across the Charles River, is 
connected with Boston by several large bridges. 
It is noted as the seat of Harvard University. It 
is a beautiful residential city and has been the 
home of many famous people, among whom are 
Agassiz, Holmes, Longfellow, and Lowell. Al- 
though this city is best known as an educational 
and literary center, it has large manufacturing 
interests. The preparation of food products, the 
manufacturing of machinery, and printing are the 
leading industries. The old historic towns of 
Lexington and Concord lie a few miles to the 
northwest of the city. 




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Boston and vicinity 



62 



GEOGRAPHY OF MASSACHUSETTS 



Somerville, adjoining Cambridge 
and Charlestown, is also a residential 
section but with important manu- 
facturing interests. Slaughtering 
and meat packing is the largest 
business. 

I he other cities and large towns 
in the vicinity of Boston are largely 
residential, with a great variety of 
industries. Waltham is noted for 
its watches, Woburn for its leather, 
Newton and Brookline for fine 
homes, and Quincy for its granite 
and its shipbuilding plant at Fore 
River, where many vessels are built. 

Lynn, Brockton, and Haverhill 
are the largest shoe-manufacturing 
cities in the entire country. Marl- 
boro, Newburyport, and Salem are 
also large producers of shoes, as are 
many of the towns of Plymouth County. Fall 
River, New Bedford, and Lowell stand first in the 
manufacture of cotton goods. Lawrence, known 
as the " Worsted City," holds first rank in the 
woolen industry. Many great woolen mills are 
located here. Attleboro is an important jewelry 
center, and Taunton manufactures a variety of 
metal goods. 

Salem, rich in historic interest, is a quaint old 
city on the rocky coast just north of Lynn. It has 
a small but well protected harbor. In the early 
days it was an important commercial center with 
a large foreign trade. With the growth of Boston, 
Salem has lost its foreign commerce and now has 
only coastwise trade. The principal industry 
to-day is the manufacture of boots, shoes, and 
leather. 





Just across the harbor, on a rocky headland, 
lies the old historic town of Marblehead. Its 
snug little harbor, the delightful sea breezes, 
and interesting shore line make this a most 
attractive summer resort and yachting center. 
The entire coast from Beverly northward has 
many beautiful summer homes. Gloucester, on 
the south side of Cape Ann, is widely famed as 
a great fishing port. 

Worcester is next in size to Boston. This 
city is an important railroad center. It has a 
wide range of industries, but is especially noted 
for its foundries and machine shops. It is the 
great supply center for the surrounding towns. 
Worcester is noted for its many educational in- 
stitutions. Fitchburg, to the north of Worcester, 
is an important manufacturing and railroad 
center. 

Springfield, Holyoke, Chicopee, and North- 
ampton an- the four Connecticut Valley cities. 
In this section both agriculture and manufacturing 
thrive. Springfield is the leading city of the 
group. It is located near tin- point where the 
Chicopee and the Deerfield join tlu- Connecticut. 
Ibis fortunate location has made it an important 
railroad center and has greatly influenced its 
growth. The city is an important manufacturing 
and trade center. The United States Armory 
and Arsenal are located ben-, and firearms are 
among us leading manufactures. Holyoke 

ranks hist in the state ami nation in the pro- 
duction <>l paper. The product is principally 
■ if iln finei grades. Its watei power is excellent. 
Northampton and Chicopee have .1 great variety 



GEOGRAPHY OF MASSACHUSETTS 



63 



of manufactures. Smith College is located at 
Northampton. 

Pittsfield, in the Housatonic Valley, is a very 
attractive residential city. The valley itself is a 
fine agricultural section and many of the towns in 
this beautiful Berkshire region are popular summer 
resorts. Pittsfield shares in this and is also an 
important industrial center. North Adams is an 
industrial city at the western entrance to the 
Hoosac Tunnel. 

REVIEW 

Questions and Exercises. — I. Describe the 
four physical divisions of the state. 2. Which 
section of the state is the highest and which is the 
lowest? 3. Account for the wide Connecticut 
Valley. 4. Account for the rugged character 
of the western section of the state. 5. Con- 
trast Cape Cod and Cape Ann. 

6. Name the six largest rivers of Massachu- 
setts. 7. Where are they best suited for power ? 
Why ? 8. Why do railroads so often follow 
the river valleys ? 9. Account for the numer- 
ous lakes of the state. Of what use are they ? 

10. What part of the state has the least rain- 
fall ? Account for this. 11. What is the aver- 
age annual rainfall and temperature for your 
locality? 12. Why is the weather of Massa- 
chusetts so changeable? 13. In what direc- 
tion is the prevailing wind of winter and summer ? 
14. How has the climate of Massachusetts in- 
fluenced the people ? 

15. Why is it desirable that we should have 
more forests ? 16. Account for the large amount 
of waste land in the state. 17. What is the 
state doing to improve the forests ? 

18. How has most of the soil of Massachusetts 
been formed ? 19. Account for the thin soil 
on steep slopes. 20. Account for the many 
bowlders scattered over the state. 

21. Why has not agriculture become a more 
important industry in Massachusetts ? 22. What 
is the state doing to encourage it ? 23. What is 
the character of the farming now being done ; 

24. What are the best agricultural anas ? 

25. What fruits can be profitably raised in Massa- 
chusetts ? 26. In what sections is market gar- 
dening carried on ? 

27. What centers are engaged in the fishing 
business ? 2S. Describe the business as it is 
carried on at Gloucester. 29. Tell of tin- differ- 
ent kinds of fish and the methods employed 111 
capturing them. 



30. What is the leading occupation of the state ? 
31. In what manufactures does Massachusetts 
stand first? Account for this. 32. Why has 
Massachusetts become such an important manu- 
facturing state? 33. ln what way is the state 
at a disadvantage in manufacturing ? 34. Why 
has manufacturing centered so largely about 
Boston? 35. How is the state utilizing its 
water power ? 

36. Describe the railroad system of the state. 
37. Why have so many railroads centered at 
Boston ? 38. How are electric roads affecting 
the state ? 39. What is being done for good 
roads in Massachusetts ? 

40. What proportion of the people of Massa- 
chusetts are foreign born? 41. Describe and 
account for the distribution of the population. 
42. Why are the towns in the hilly sections gen- 
erally located in the valleys? 43. How is 
Boston supplied with water? With milk? 
44. What cities are noted for: fishing? woolens? 
cotton? shoes? paper? 45. Account for the 
location of Lowell, Fall River, Holyoke, Spring- 
field, Worcester. 46. Name the five largest 
cities of the state. 



TABLES 

Table I. — State or Country of Birth of the 
People of Massachusetts. Census of 1910 



Native born . 


2,107,171 


Foreign horn 


1,059,245 


Native to state 


1,861,820 


Canada . 


297,369 


Maine 


94.5 15 


Canada-F rem 


h 134.659 


New York . . 


77.522 


Ireland 


222,867 


New Hampshire 


64,503 


Russia 


1 I7.2(il 


Vermont . 


4'-4;'' 


England . 


92,658 


Connecticut . 


38,505 


Italy . . . 


85,056 


Rhode Island . 


32,553 


Sweden 


39,562 


Pennsylvania . 


15,661 


Austria 


35,455 


New Jersey . 


8,677 


Germany . 


30,555 


Virginia . 


7,961 


Scotland . 


28,416 


Illinois . . . 


6,253 


Portugal . 


26,437 


Ohio . . . . 


5,787 


Turkey 


16,138 


Michigan 


5.230 


Greece 


>i,4i3 


Ninth Carolina . 


3,832 


Finland . 


10,744 


Maryland 


3,520 


France 


5,926 


\\ isconsin 


2,242 


Noiu.n 


5,432 


Minnesota 


[,875 


Denmark . 


3,405 


Georgia 


1,787 


West Indies . 


2.2S7 


Missouri . 


1,752 


Hungary . . 


1,996 


Iowa . . . . 


[,672 


China . 


1,873 


South Carolina . 


1.624 


Belgium . 


1,745 


Indiana 


1,612 


Holland . . 


1,597 


Lousiana . 


1,537 


Wales . . . 


1,513 


All other states 


14,045 


Switzerland . 


'.34i 


Ten Hunts, out- 




All other COUn 




1\ ing posses- 




1 1 ies . . 


18,199 


sions, etc. . 


" 1.247 







"4 



GEOGRAPHY OF MASSACHUSETTS 



Table II.— Population of the Counties of 

CHUSETTS, 1915 



County 

Barnstable . . 28,818 

Berkshire . . 114,709 

Bristol . . ■ 346.964 

Dukes . . • 4.904 

Essex .... 463.662 

Franklin . . ■ 4 s -- : < 

Hampden . . 262,944 
1 he State 



Count? 

Hampshire . 
Middlesex 

Nantucket 
Norfolk . 

Plymouth 

Suffolk . 
Worcester 
. 3,693,310 



Mas- 1 



69,549 

733,624 

3,166 

201,907 

157.303 
826,801 
430,703 



Table 111— Pop 

INC 25OO 

Boston . . ■ 
Worcester . 
Fall River . . 
New Bedford . 

Cambric! l;c 

Lowell . 

Springfield 

Lynn. . • ■ 

Lawrence . 

Somerville . 

Brockton . ■ 

Holyoke 

Haverhill . . 

Maiden . . . 

Chelsea . . • 

Newton . 

Quincy . . • 

Fitchburg . . 
Pittsfield • • 
Everett . 

Salem . • • 
1 aunton . • 
Brookline . • 
Medford . • 
Waltham . . 
Chicopee . • 
Revere . • • 
( iloucester . • 
Beverly . • ■ 

North Adams . 

Northampton . 
Peabody . • 

Attleboro . . 

Westfield . • 
Leominster. 

\1. [rose . • ■ 
Watertown 

Woburn . ■ • 

Gardner. • • 

Framingham . 

Newbui 1 1 1 "' ' - 

Marlboro . ■ 

Arlington . . 
outhbri 

Methuen . • 
Weymouth 

Milford . . ■ 

\d.mis 

Clinton . ■ 



ULATION OF Cities and Towr> 
OR more Inhabitants, 1915 



Hav- 



745.439 

162,697 

124,791 
109,568 
108,822 
107,978 
102,971 

95. 8 o3 
90,259 
86,854 
, 62,288 
. 60,816 
. 49.45° 
. 48.907 

• 43.426 
. 43,113 

• 40.674 
. 39.656 
. 39.607 

• 37.718 
. 37,200 

• 36,161 

■ 33.490 

. 3O.509 

. 30.154 

. 30,138 

. 25,178 

• 24,47* 
. :. 

. 22,035 

. 21,654 

. 18,625 

. 18.4*0 

. 18,411 

. i - .' 1" 

. [6 

. [i 

. 16,410 

. 16,376 

. 1 

. [5,311 
1 

. I4.8 8 9 

. M .21 

. 14.007 

. 1 

. 1 

. 13,218 

. I3.I92 



Plymouth • • ■ 

Wakefield . . . 

Winthrop . • • 

Greenfield . 

Webster . . ■ • 

West Springfield . 

Danvers . • • 

Natick . . ■ • 

Dedham . . ■ 
Norwood 
Saugus . 

Winchester . . 

1 asthampton . . 

\thol .... 
Palmer .... 
N. \ttleboro . . 

Bridgewater . . 

Ware .... 
Braintree . . ■ 
Northbridge . . 
Middleboro . • 

Milton . . . • 
Amesburv . . • 
Belmont 

\ndover . . • 
Montague . • • 
Marblehead . . 
Whitman . . • 
Stoneham • • • 
Swampscott 
Rockland . . . 
Stoughton . 
Reading . • • 
Maj nard . . 
I ludson . . • 

( '. mend 

(heat Barrington 
Need ham . . 

! 1 mklin . . 

1 in h.i\ en . • 
[pswich . 
Ludlow . • • 
i irafton 
Spencei . 
North \nd" 1 1 

\\ estb 

W iih hi ndon • 
M.instnlil . . 



12,926 
12,781 
12,758 
12,618 
[2,565 
n.339 
11.177 
11,119 
11,043 

10,977 

10,226 

10,005 

9,845 

9,783 

;.,I,S 

<M<>8 

9.381 

9,346 

.,.',45 

9,254 

8,631 

8,600 

8,543 

8,081 

7,978 

7.925 

7,606 

7.520 

7.489 

7.345 

7.074 

6,902 

6,805 

6,770 

6,758 

6,681 

6,542 
6,440 
6,439 

6,272 
6,251 

5,994 
5,956 
5,925 
5,908 

. ;.772 



Blackstone 
Abington . . 
Canton . . . 
Amherst . . 
Lexington . . 
Walpole . . 
( )range . . . 
Dartmouth 
Mifbury . . 
Tewksbury 
Hingham . 
Chelmsford 
South Hadley 
Wareham . 

Easton . • 

Monson 

Barnstable 

Uxbridge 

Randolph . 

Agawam 

Lee . 

Dudley . . 

Rockport . 

Provincetown 

Warren . 

Templeton . 

Dracut . 

Williamstown 

Falmouth . 

Dalton . . 

Foxboro 

East Bridgewater 

Medfield . 

Hardwick . 



5,689 

5,646 

5.623 

SoS 8 

5.538 

5.490 

5.379 

5.330 

;.2.,; 

5,265 

5,264 

5,182 

5,179 

5.176 

5.064 

5.004 

4,995 

4-921 

4-734 

4,555 

4,481 

4.373 
4.351 
4.2.,; 
4,268 
4.081 
4,022 
3.981 
3.917 
j,8s8 

5,755 

3,689 
3,648 
3.596 



Barre 

Oxford . 

Somerset 

Leicester 

Auburn . 

Westport 

Billerica 

Lenox 

Holbrook 

North Brookfi 

Manchester 

Medway 

Westford . 

Pepperell 

Sutton . - 

Cohasset 

Shrewsbury 

Holliston . 

Ayer . 

Seekonk 

West Bridgew 

Deertield 

Bourne . 

Hadley . 

Hanover 

Hopedale 

Scituate 

Hatfield 

Norton . 

Lancaster 

Kingston 

Swansea 

Wilbraham 

Holden . 



Id. 



ater 



3,476 
3.476 
3.377 
1,322 
3,281 
3.262 
3,246 
3,242 
2,948 
2,947 

2,',4 = 

2,846 
2,843 
2,839 
2,829 
2,800 

2,794 
2,788 

2,779 
2,767 
2,741 
2,739 
2,672 
2,666 
2,666 
2,663 
2,661 
2,630 

2,587 

2,5*5 
2,580 
2,558 
2,521 
2.514 



Table 



[V.— Value of Leading Farm Products. 
Census of 1910 



Prodi i i 



Crops 

Hay .md forage 

Veg« tahKs, not 

including potatoes 
1 )i, hard fruits 
Potatoes 

Small fruits 

t !oi n 
I obai 
( >ats 

Maple sugar and sirup 

l.ivi 

Caul. 
I [orses 
Poultrj 
Swine 

Slu< p 

,1 producta 

Dam products 

I 

Wool 



Value 



1 I .281,000 

6, 1 90,000 

2,074,000 
[,994,O00 

1.1.-7,000 

1,372,000 

[,2 18.000 

157,000 

78,000 

9,348,000 

8,6 72.000 
1,41,3,000 

w-.,.ooo 
1 ; 6.000 

I ;.i88,000 
(.2 8o,000 

?4.ooo 



Leading Coontv 



Worcesti 1 

Middlesex 

Middlesex 

Worcester 

Plymouth 

Worcestt 1 

I lampshire 

Berkshire 

Franklin 



Worcesti 1 
Worcestei 
W orcestei 
Middlesex 

Bi 1 k^liirt 

Worcestei 
Worcestei 

Franklin 



XXVIII 

















H&MtvJP!* ' ( **imC& 


^ 








.. ,1 — r _i£ 




■^T. -* ''•' 






r"*. ~ "S. 




New Ha 


/en, city and harbor, 


as seen from East Rock 



GEOGRAPHY OF CONNECTICUT 



By Henry 

Principal. Willimantic Normal Sc 

EARLY HISTORY 

The first settlement in Connecticut was 
made about 1614 by the Dutch, who sailed 
up the Connecticut River and established a 
trading post where the city of Hartford now 
stands. 1 hey chose this location because it 
was near the head of navigation on the river 
and therefore convenient for their purpose as 
traders. In 1633 English settlers from Mas- 
sachusetts began to come to the same region. 
They were attracted by the strips of fertile 
land which border the river on both sides at 
this point. The first English settlements 
\\<n- made at Windsor, Wethersfield, and 
Hartford, and soon afterward the interven- 
ing territory was occupied. Then was con- 
stant friction between the English settlers 
and the Dutch traders. The latter were 
soon outnumbered and finally withdrew, 
leaving the English in full possession. 

English settlements were independently 
made at Saybrook in 1635 and at New Haven 
m [638. Saj brook was chosen because of its 
situation at the mouth of the Connecticut 

Copyright. itn6. by American Book Company. 



T. Burr 

hool, Willimantic, Connecticut 

River, which provided a harbor and offered 
easy access to the interior. New Haven was 
selected for its excellent harbor and also be- 
cause of the broad lowland which lav to the 
north of it. 

Other settlements soon developed along 
the shore both east and west of New Haven 
as well as in the central lowland. In 1662 
these settlements were all united under the 
name of the Connecticut colony by a charter 
granted by King Charles II. The influence 
of geographical conditions in determining the 
location of the settlements of the colony is 
indicated by the fact that, of the first twenty 
settlements, ten were on the toast, six on the 
river, and two on both coast and river. I he 
uplands were nor settled until later, after 
the more favorable locations wen largelj 
occupied. 

Connecticut undoubtedlj owes its inde- 
pendent existence as a colony and later as 
a state to its geographical conditions. 1 he 
fertile lowland which attracted the earl) 
settlers was separated from the Massachu- 
setts Bay colon) In over a hundred miles of 



66 



GEOGRAPHY OF CONNECTICUT 




Uplands and lowland of Connecticut 



rough wilderness, which, at that time, offered 
no inducement to settlers and was without 
roads other than Indian trails. Thus the 
Connecticut settlers soon became used to 
governing themselves, and Massachusetts 
made no determined effort to exercise author- 
ity over them. 

POSITION, FORM. AND SIZE 

Position and Form. — Connecticut is the 
southernmost of the New England states. 
It is roughly rectangular in shape, its length 
from east to west being mark twice its 
breadth from north to south. 

Size. -Connecticut is one of the smallest 
states. It occupies hut one degree of lati- 
tude and a little less than two degrees of 
longitude. An automobile can easil) go 
from Rhode Island on the east to Vw 
York on the west in less than a day, and 
the fast express trams running from Bos- 
ton tn New York cross it in about three 
houi s. 

It is about foui times tin size of the neigh- 
boring state of Rhode Island, which is tin 
smallest in the country. It is less than one 
sixth the size of Maim, the largest New 
England state, ami it would take nearly 
fifty-foui states the size <>f Connecticut to 
equal t he area ol I i \as. 



RELIEF 

Uplands and Lowland. — Connecticut is 
divided into three parts, — an eastern up- 
land, a western upland, and a broad lowland 
lying between. In a general way the uplands 
are alike. Each consists of numerous hills, 
rounded and smooth of slope for the most 
part but occasionally broken by rugged 
cliffs. Neighboring hills rise to the same 
general level. \ ery rarely does a single hill 
overtop the others near it. In general, the 
eastern upland is lower than the western. 
In both the heights increase gradually from 
the shore northward. The greatest altitudes 
of Connecticut are in the northwest corner 
of the state. Bear Mountain, in the extreme 
northwest, with a height of 2355 feet, is the 
highest peak. 

The central lowland is underlaid by softei 
rocks than those of the uplands, and by 
weathering and erosion this region has been 
reduced to a nearly level plain. Some layers 
of trap, a lava rock, in the soft sandstone are 
harder and stand up as ridges above the 
general level. East Rock and West Rock at 
New Haven, the Meriden Hills, and the 
ridge running from Meriden to Mount Torn 
ami Mount Holyoke 111 Massachusetts are of 
this character. 

Glaciation. —Connecticut lies within the 
glaciated region. 1 he great ice sheet mov- 
ing southward over the hills smoothed them 
into the rounded forms that are now so 
common. The manuals worn from the 
hills wen spread over the lowlands. In 
places tins material, known as till, was heaped 



1 . been crotlctl. 



Diagram showing a portion of the lowland 
and uplands in Connecticut 



GEOGRAPHY OF CONNECTICUT 



"7 



by the moving ice into rounded hills called 
drumlins. Such hills are found in Pomfret 
in eastern Connecticut and near New Britain 
in the central lowland. The streams from 
the melting glacier carried much sand and 
clay into the valleys and there deposited 
these materials. Much of the original soil 
produced by the weathering of the underlying 
rocks was removed and replaced by clay and 
other glacial materials which the ice brought 
from other places to the north. In places 
the glacial deposits acted as dams to form 
lakes. In other places they produced falls 
and rapids. Connecticut owes its many 
ponds and its fine water power to glacial 
action. 

Coast. — The coast of Connecticut is rockv 
and irregular but lacks the cliffs and bold 
promontories of the northern New England 
coast. The irregularity of the coast line 
produces some excellent harbors. Those at 
New London, New Haven, and Bridgeport 
are the most important. Others, however, 
are used as ports for fishing boats, pleasure 
craft, and small coastwise vessels. New 
London harbor is the only one deep enough 
for large steamers. 

DRAINAGE 

The Connecticut is the longest and one of 
the most important of the New England 
rivers. It early formed one of the great 
trade routes of the region, first as a water- 
wax and later as a route for railroads which 




Dam in Farmington River, Tariffville 



extend along its banks throughout almost its 
entire length. Its tails and rapids have been 
dammed to furnish power to many mills. Its 
strips of flood plain and terraces afford, on 
the whole, the most fertile farm land in 
New England. It is navigable to vessels of 
moderate draft as far as Hartford, nearly 
fifty miles from its mouth. From the Massa- 
chusetts line on the north to Middletown it 
lies within the lowland. At Middletown it 
enters the eastern upland and flows to the 
sea in a narrow, picturesque valley. 

The Housatonic River rises in the Berk- 
shire Hills of Massachusetts, and traverses 
the western part of Connecticut from north 
to south. Its main tributary, the Nauga- 
tuck, furnishes water power for some of the 
most prosperous manufacturing cities in the 
state. 




68 



GEOGRAPHY OF CONNECTICUT 



The Thames, really a tidal estuary rather 
than a river, is navigable to Norwich. Its 
mouth, at New London, forms one of the 
finest harbors on the Atlantic coast. Its 
head waters, the Shetucket, Quinnebaug, and 
Willimantic rivers, furnish abundant water 
power. 

I here are many ponds and small lakes, 
due, in most cases, to glacial obstructions in 
the river valleys. These are valuable as 
reservoirs which restrain the floods in rainy 
seasons and maintain the flow of the rivers 
in dry periods. Some have been enlarged 
for this purpose by dams built across their 
outlets. Many summer visitors are attracted 
to these lakes by their beauty and the oppor- 
tunities for boating and fishing which they 
afford. Bantam Lake, in the towns of 
Morris and Litchfield, is the largest body of 
fresh water in Connecticut. 

CLIMATE 

The climate of Connecticut resembles that 
of the other New England states. It is cold 
in winter and warm in summer, but sudden 
changes of temperature are liable to occur in 
all seasons. 1 here is less snowfall in Con- 
necticut than in the northern New England 
states, and, except in the extreme northwest, 
the snow seldom lies on the ground for long 
periods. 




The rainfall is, on the whole, abundant, 
reaching a yearly average of about forty- 
five inches. Dry spells are, however, not 
uncommon and are sometimes serious to the 
farmers and to those manufacturers who 
depend on water power. In fact, most fac- 
tories which use water power have steam 
plants ready for use when the water power 
is not sufficient for their needs. 

FORESTS, GAME, AND FISH 

Forests. — A considerable portion of the 
state is covered with trees. The original 
forests, however, have been cut of? and most 
of the trees now standing are of compara- 
tively recent growth. Lumbering has, there- 
fore, ceased to be a very important industry, 
although carried on in a small way in all 
parts of the state. The trees are largely oak, 
maple, chestnut, and other hardwoods, and 
scattering growths of the softwoods, particu- 
larly pine, hemlock, and cedar. 

Game. — The larger wild animals excepting 
the deer have disappeared from Connecticut. 
The deer have been protected by law in 
recent years and have become very numer- 
ous. Small game is still fairly abundant in 
the uplands. 

Fish. Fishing is carried on in a small 
way at many of the slime towns, but there is 
no large market for fish in the state. The 
cultivation of oysters is an important indus- 
try at many places along the shore, and the 
total value of the product is considerable. 
The natural oyster beds which formerly 
existed in great numbers along tin- entire 
shore have Income greatlj depleted and are 
no longer used except for the gathering 

of young or "seed" o\steis. I llesi ale 

planted in favorable localities and carefull) 
cultivated until the} reach marketable size. 
Shad fishing was formerlj an important in- 
dustr) on the Connecticut River. It is 
still carried on, but the catch is growing 
smaller. 



GEOGRAPHY OF CONNECTICUT 



69 



AGRICULTURE 

Soil. — The soil of Connecticut is largely 
glacial in its origin. It is often so full of 
bowlders that it cannot be profitably worked, 
and large areas are fit only for pasture and 
woodland. The rough stone walls so char- 
acteristic of New 7 England hill farms bear 
witness to the heavy labors of the early 
settlers in clearing the land for tillage. The 
central lowland contains much good soil. 
It is composed largely of sand and clay 
washed from the glacier during its melting 
stages. This soil is not richer than the 
bowlder clay of the uplands, but is finer and 
more easily worked. The level or gently 
rolling surface of the lowland region is also 
a great advantage to the farmer, making pos- 
sible the more extensive use of labor-saving 
machinery and reducing the cost of carrying 
his products to markets. Good farm lands 
are found in other parts of the state along the 
streams and in places among the hills. 

Products. — The leading crops of the state, 
in the order of value, are hav, tobacco, pota- 
toes, and corn. Tobacco is largely raised in 
a limited area in the northern part of the 
central lowland and in the vicinity of New 
Milford in the western part of the state. 
Connecticut tobacco is largely used for the 
outer layers or " wrappers " of cigars. The 
other three crops are rather evenly distrib- 
uted over the entire state. 

The large number of near-by markets, 
including those of Boston and New York, 
and the excellent railroad connections are 
great advantages to the Connecticut farmer. 
These make it profitable to engage in market 
gardening, dairying, and poultry raising. 
For the same reason flowers, nursery stock, 
and small fruits are extensively grown, 
largely on small farms near the cities. 

MINING AND MANUFACTURING 

Mining. — The rocks of the Connecticut up- 
lands contain a great variety of minerals. 




In former times copper, iron, and lead were 
mined. The deposits are not, however, in 
paying quantities, and the only mine now in 
operation is a small iron mine near Salisbury. 
This mine can be worked profitably in com- 
petition with the great iron ore deposits in 
other sections of the country because of the 
presence of manganese in the ore. This 
unites with the iron in smelting and produces 
a very tough metal which is particularly 
adapted to the manufacture of car wheels. 

Granite quarries are found in a number of 
places, notably at Stony Creek and Thomas- 
ton. Many small quarries scattered through 
the upland region produce a stone which is 
known locally as granite but which is really 
gneiss. It is an inferior stone which is used 
largely in foundations and walls of buildings. 

The red sandstone of the Connecticut low- 
land, known commercially as brownstone, 
was formerly quarried extensively at Port- 
land. Brownstone is, however, no longer in 
fashion as a building stone and the industrj 
has dwindled, feldspar is quarried at Glas- 
tonbury, Portland, and Haddam. It is used 
in the manufacture of porcelain. Kaolin. 
used for a similar purpose, is quarried in the 
town of Sharon. Limestone is quarried in 
North Canaan both for marble and for the 
manufacture of lime. The Capitol at Hart- 
ford is made of marble from these quarries. 



7° 



GEOGRAPHY OF CONNECTICI I 




Warping department of a cotton mill, Putnam 




Typewriter factory, Hartford 



Extensive deposits of brick clay are found 
m the lowland from the Massachusetts line 
to New Haven. 

I lie hills of the lowland region afford an 
unlimited supply of trap rock. This is 
crushed and used for surfacing roads and 
building concrete walls. 

Manufacturing. The chuf wealth of Con- 
necticut lies in its manufactures. W hen the 
great agricultural lands of tin- Middle \\ esl 
were opened to sett le- 
nient, the Connecticut 
farms were unable to 
compete with the more 
productive farms of the 
Wist, and the people 
turned then attention 
largelj to manufactur- 
ing. I he} were led 
m this direction also 
h\ the abundance of 
water power, and l>\ 
the nearness of la 
cities where tin prod- 
ucts could be sold. 
The people sei m to 
ha\ i be< n pai ticularly 
adapted to manufac- 
t uring, and i Inn inven- 
tive genius has In , omi 
pro\ < rbial. In latei 




Clock factory, Thomaston 



years the railroads passing through Connecti- 
cut, between Boston and New York, have 
been important factors in the growth of 
manufacturing. In spite of the lack of raw 
materials, practically all of which have to be 
imported, the growth of manufacturing has 
been rapid and still continues. 

The variety of manufactured products is 
very meat even within the limits of each of 
the cities. In general, however, the ana east 

of the Connecticut 
River is devoted to 
textile industries, while 
tin central and west- 
ern sections produce 
metal goods. Since 
the raw materials foi 
the latter industries 
must In- brought from 
considerable dist ances 
at he a v y f r e i gh t 
eh. ii g< s. it is found 

most profitable to 

produce goods which 
require considerable 
skill in manufacture, 
such .is clocks, bmldi i s' 
hardw are, cutlei \ . and 
firearms, rather than 
the bulkier metal prod- 
ucts. 



GEOGRAPHY OF CONNECTICUT 



7i 



TRADE ROUTES 

Long Island Sound is an important water- 
way for Connecticut. Steamers run daily 
from Connecticut ports to New York. I here 
are also steamboat connections with Long 
Island. The Connecticut and the Thames 
rivers carry the Sound traffic inland. 



one passing through Palmer, Massachusetts, 
to New London, the other through Spring- 
field tii New 1 la\ en. 

GOVERNMENT 

The most striking feature of state govern- 
ments in New England is the importance of 
the local unit, or town. Annually the legal 



The chief railroad routes lie along the shore voters of each town gather together in a 



1 



nir 



• • * > * » 1 • it M j 



and in the Connecticut lowland from Spring- 
field in Massachusetts to New Haven. Along 
these routes it has been possible to build 
railroads without steep grades or sharp 
curves. Other important 
railroad lines follow the 
valleys of the larger 
streams. The Williman- 
tic, Quinnebaug, and 
Thames in the east, the 
Farmington in the north, 
the lower Connecticut in 
thesouth, and the Housa- 
tonic and Naugatuck in 
the west are bordered by 
railroads. The only rail- 
road line of importance 
which does not closely 
follow the larger rivers 
is the line which trav- 
erses the state from east 
to west through Willimantic, Hartford, 




town meeting to elect officers, to lay taxes, 
and to determine the policy of the town for 
the coming year. The chief officers are the 
selectmen. 

When the population 
of a town becomes so 
large that its problems 
Income too complicated 
to be dealt with in a 
popular assembly, the 
town or, in some cases, 
the populous section of 
the town applies to the 
legislature for a cm 
charter. City govern- 
ments are not uniform 
even for cities of the 
same size. In general, 
however, provision is 
made lor a representa- 
tive body known as the 
city council or board of aldermen, which is 



Waterbury, and Danbury. In spite of its elected by the people and makes laws or 

sharp curves and steep grades this road is ordinances for their government. A mayoi 

important because it forms the shortest route is also elected, whose duty it is to see that 

between some of the large Connecticut cities the ordinances are earned out. 
and because it connects with railroads from A borough, in Connecticut, is a unit of 



the west. 

\s noted before, a part of Connecticut's 
industrial prosperity is due to its location on 
railroad lines between Boston and New ^ <>ik 
Through trains between these two cities 



government intermediate between th.it ol 
the town and the city. Its chief executive is 
called the warden and its legislative bodj the 
burgesses. The borough officers are not 
given so much authority as are those of the 



cross the state over three separate routes, city, and the popular assembly is retained, 
and give nearly all the cities of the state The strong tendency, to preserve the influ- 

direct access to these two great seaports, ence of the town in Connecticut, is shown 

Two important freight routes from northern in the manner of choosing representatives to 

New England and Canada traverse the state, the state legislature. This consists ol two 



GEOGRAPHY OF CONNECTICUT 




The county is, however, in Connecticut, of 
very slight political importance. The chief 
officials in the county are the county com- 
missioners. 

EDUCATION 

The educational interests of the state are 
in the hands of the state board of education. 
The executive officer is the secretarv of the 
board. In accordance with the strong feeling 
in Connecticut for local self-government, the 
towns are allowed much freedom in con- 
ducting their schools, but the state board 
has many important powers. 

1 he state maintains four normal schools 
for the training of teachers. These schools 
are located at New Britain, Willimantic, 
Thus New Haven, with its large population, New Haven, and Danbury. 
has no more representatives than the smallest Connecticut Agricultural College, situated 

town in the state with a population of less at Storrs > about ei £ nt miles north of WiIli " 
than four hundred. The senators are chosen mantic, is maintained by the state in con- 
In senatorial districts, which are made as junction with the national government, 
nearly equal in population as possible. Thus Connecticut does not maintain a state 

the Connecticut senate represents the people; university. It contains, however, four en- 
tile house of representatives, the towns. dowed institutions of this rank, —Yale Univer- 
The legislature makes the laws by which sIt - v at New Haven, Wesleyan University at 
the state is governed. The enforcement of Middletown, Trinity College at Hartford, and 
the law is intrusted to the executive depart- Connecticut College for Women at New 



legislative bodies, the senate and the house 
of representatives. No town may elect more 
than two representatives to the latter body. 



ment, of which the governor is the head. 
Other officers of this department are the 
lieutenant governor, the secretary of state, 
the treasurer, and the comptroller. The latter 
two officials look after the state's financial 
affairs. Boards or commissions are ap- 



London. 

Yale University is, with the exception of 
Harvard, the oldest in New England. It 
was founded at Saybrook in 1701 and moved 
to New Haven in 171 7. 

Hartford Theological Seminary at Hart- 
ford and Berkeley Divinity School at Middle- 



pointed to carry our important activities of 

the state. Among these are the board of edu- town ar€ important institutions for training 

cation, the board of agriculture, tin- board of ministers and religious workers. 

health, the public utilities commission, the 



workmen's compensation commission, and the 
highwaj commissioner. 

The judicial departmeni of the state con- 
sists of ;i supreme court, a superior court in 



POPULATION AND CITIES 

Connecticut has a population of ovei 
1,100,000. If the people were evenlj dis- 
tributed Over the whole state, there would 

each county, and justice courts in each town be :;i to each square mile. Rhode Island, 

foi minoi affairs. Other courts are (st.il>- Massachusetts, and New Jersej are the onlj 

lished lot special purposes. states in the country more denselj populated. 

Mm i. in is divided into eight counties. The earlj population ol Connecticut was 

xii 



GEOGRAPHY OF CONNECTKT 1 



almost wholly of English descent. Within 
the last half century, however, immigrants 
from other parts of Europe have entered the 
state in large numhers. At first these came 
from northern and western Europe, but the 
later comers are largely from eastern and 
southern Europe. According to the last 
census over one quarter of the people ot 
Connecticut were born in foreign countries. 

The great industrial development of the 
last fifty years has tended to draw the native 
population also toward the cities. Thus the 
rural towns have grown very slowly or even, 
in some cases, have diminished in size. The 
cities, on the other hand, have had a rapid 
growth which still continues. About two 
thirds of the population of Connecticut now 
live in cities of 10,000 or more inhabitants. 
New Haven, Bridgeport, Hartford, and 
Waterbury, the four largest cities, have a 
combined population of about 400,000, which 
is more than one third of the total popula- 
tion of the state. 

Coast Cities. --The two largest cities of 
Connecticut, New Haven and Bridgeport, 
owe their growth very largely to their harbor 
facilities. New London is another coast city 
that possesses a good harbor. 

New Haven is the largest city in the state 
and the second in the value of its manu- 
factured products. With its harbor and 
exceptional railroad facilities, it is a trade 




center of importance. Its principal manu- 
factures are hardware, plumbers' supplies, 
firearms, steam boilers, machinery, and other 
products of iron, steel, and brass. It is the 
seat of Yale University, long a powerful 
influence in the affairs of the state and in 
the educational world. The Green, fronting 
the university, in the heart of the city, with 
its row of historic old churches and its beau- 
tiful elms, is nearly as famous as the univer- 
sity itself. 

Bridgeport, the first city in Connecticut in 
value of its manufactures and the second in 
population, is situated about seventeen miles 
west of New Haven, on the best harbor in 
western Connecticut. It owes its growth to 




Factory for making army supplies. Bridgeport 



74 



GEOGRAPHY OF CONNECTICUT 




its harbor and to its location near New York 
on the main line of traffic. Its principal 
products are guns and other munitions of 
war, submarines, sewing machines, electrical 
machinery, graphophones, corsets, and metal 
goods of many kinds. 

New London, at the mouth of the Thames, 
is located on one of the finest harbors on the 
New England coast. In the days of the 
whaling industry it was a great shipping 
center and still has a considerable trade by 
sea. Ir is on the main railroad line between 
New York and Boston and is the terminus 
of the Central Vermont Railway, which 
brings freight from northern New England 
and Canada. 

New London is the center of a group of 
summer resorts. Connecticut College for 
Women is north of the city. 

The chief manufactures of New London 
are limits and silk goods. Across the harbor, 
in Groton, is a plant for the manufacture of 
inn marine engines especially adapted to 
submarines. The United States government 
is developing a submarine base here. 

South Norwalk is engaged in the coastwise 
trade and has ;i variety of manufactui ing interests. 
Stamford is noted for its manufacture of locks. 
I In modern type of locks with the flat kej orig- 
inated here. \t Greenwich an thi beautiful 
homes "I people whose business interests are in 
itj of New 'i hi k. 



Cities of the Central Lowland. — In colonial 
days, the fertile soil of the Central Lowland 
led to rapid growth of settlements. The 
level surface of this lowland encouraged the 
building of railroads through it, and these 
are now the chief advantage which this region 
presents to the manufacturer. 

Hartford, the state capital, is situated near 
the center of the state, at the head of navi- 
gation on the Connecticut River. Its fine 
capitol, with its beautiful park sloping tow aid 
the heart of the city; its many public build- 
ings ; and its broad and well-kept streets 
make it a very attractive city. 

It is an important manufacturing city and 
one of the great insurance centers of the 
country. Its manufactures include ma- 
chinery, firearms, typewriters, rubber tires, 
nails and screws, and other metal goods. 

Railroads radiate from Hartford in all 
directions. These lines and the navigable- 
river make it an important trade center. 
The fertile farm lands and the smaller manu- 
facturing towns which surround it bring it 
much local traffic and help support its fine 
retail stores. Among the educational insti- 
tutions located in Hartford are Trinity Col- 
lege and the Hartford Theological Seminary. 

Next to Hartford the largest city in the 
lowland is New Britain, known as the " Hard- 
ware City." It manufactures a wide variety 
uf metal goods, including builders' hardware, 
locks, cutlery, aluminum ware, screws, tools, 
and machinery. 

Meriden, about halfway between Hartford 
anil New Haven, is known especialb foi its 
silver-plating industries. It manufactures 
also lighting fixtures, cutlery, electrical ap- 
pliances, and other metal products. I he 
Connecticut School for Boys, a refbrmatorj 
institution, is Incited lure. Wallingford, neai 
Meriden, also manufactures plated wan 

North nt' Hartford on the rivei are the manu- 
facturing towns of Windsor, Windsor Locks, and 
Enfield. Thompsonville, in the town of Enfield, is 

.1 i . . i its ' .ii pet wni ks. 



GEOGRAPHY OF CONNECTICUT 



East of Hartford is South Manchester, noted 
for its great silk mills. Still farther east, on the 
edge of the upland, a small stream falling to the 
valley below furnishes unusually fine water power 
to the city of Rockville. This is a textile city, 
manufacturing both cotton and woolen goods. 

Middletown, at the bend of the Connecticut 
where it enters the eastern upland, manufactures 
hydraulic machinery, rubber goods, and textiles. 
Wesleyan University is located here. Near the 
city is a state hospital for the insane. Across 
the river is Portland, with its great brownstone 
quarries. 

Bristol is situated on the western edge of the 
lowland where the Pequabuck, a tributary of the 
Farmington, issues from the hills. It makes iron 
castings, clocks, fishing rods, and a variety of 
metal goods. Collinsville, farther north on the 
Farmington River, manufactures tools. 

Inland Cities of Eastern Connecticut. — 
The inland cities of eastern Connecticut are 
engaged chiefly in the manufacture of textiles. 

Norwich, at the head of navigation on the 
Thames, is a prosperous manufacturing city. 
The Yantic and Shetucket rivers, which 
unite at this point to form the Thames, are 
swiftly flowing streams which furnish abun- 
dant water power. The chief manufactures 
are cotton textiles. 

Norwich has a beautiful memorial library 
and art gallery. On the river, below the 
city, is a state hospital for the insane. 

Willimantic, sixteen miles north of Nor- 
wich, is widely known as the "Thread City." 
In addition to thread, it manufactures cotton 
cloth and silk and velvet goods. It owes its 
location to the fine water power developed 
in the Willimantic River. 

Grosvenordale, Putnam, Danielson, Plainfield, 
and Jewett City, in the eastern end of the state, are 
largely engaged in the manufacture of textiles. 

Cities of the Naugatuck Valley. — The 
cities of the Naugatuck Valley are largely 
engaged in the manufacture of brass products. 

Waterbury, the fourth city in population 
and the third in the value of its products, is 
located on the Naugatuck River at the junc- 
tion of two important railroad lines. It is 




the leading center of the brass indusm of 
the United States. Its products include 
rolled and cast brass and copper, German 
silver goods, clocks and watches, copper wire, 
and plated ware. 

Torrington, in the north, produces rolled and 
sheet brass, needles, plated goods and castings. 
Thomaston has long been a center for the manu- 
facture of clocks. Naugatuck and Beacon Falls 
produce rubber goods. Ansonia and Derby make 
heavy castings and brass products. 

Inland Cities of Western Connecticut.— Dan- 
bury is the most important center in the country 
for the manufacture of hats. Winsted, in the 
northern part of the state, makes clocks, edged 
tools, and many other products. 



Cities and Boroughs that had 2500 Inhabitants or more 
in iqio 





Population 




Population 


CITIF.S 






("mi S 






1915* 


1910 




IQIO 


New Haven 


1 I/.005 


133,605 


Rockville 




7.077 


New I.* union 


20,771 


19,659 


\: ionia 






Hartford 


108,969 


g I 91 


Derby 


9 




Middletown 


13,044 


11 851 


Norwalk 


<'. I'"' 


6,954 


Norwii '1 


i , 1 




Stamford 






Bridgeport 


118,434 


10.', 05,1 


\\ illimantii 






Waterbui \ 


84,74S 


73,141 


Putnam 




637 


Meriden 






Bristol 


1 




New Britain 


52,203 


1 1,916 


Shelton 






Danbury 


22,182 


20,234 








Boroi GHS 






Boroi 






Bethel 




1,041 


Torrington 


17,610 




\\ illingford 


1 


8,600 








1 '.Ulli'l 






Branfo 






■ 1 1 1 1 




5,866 








Fair Ha\ ei 1 






Jewett City 






M.iflonl Sprin 




3,059 









* Estimates of U S Census Bureau 



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Physical and Political 

CONNECTICUT 
AND 

Rhode Island 



Scale nf Statut- UUei 



'0 WILES TO ONE INCH 

. ('.,,,,!. ,[■ -: County Seats 

i ■■.: [i :u , midei lined. 

dicatefl relative population 

o£ . ,i :l boroughs. 

loo.ooo and over Bridgeport 
50,000 to loo.ooo Pawtucket 

10,000 to 50,000 New Britain 



ELEVATIONS IN FEET 
OVER 2000 
1500 TO 2000 
1000 TO 1500 
500 TO 1000 
100 TO 500 
:SEA LEVEL TO 100 

C0PY(1IGMT,6V AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 



5,000 to 10,000 Wlnsted 

County Seats with less than 
5,000 population Kingston 

Steam Railroads: ~~— 
Electric Railroads: — ■ ■" "~ 



XVI 1 




GEOGRAPHY OF RHODE ISLAND 



By Robert M. Brown 
Professoi <>! Geography, Rhode Island Normal School, Providenc 



Rhode 



and 



HISTORY 



other settlements were made at Newport and 
Portsmouth on the island which gives its 

" To hold forth a lively experiment that name to the state and which is said by one 

a most flourishing civil state may stand and authority to he named for the island of 

best be maintained with full liberty in reli- Rhodes and by another to have been named 

gious concernments." This is the inscription by its discoverer, Rhoode Eylanat, " red 

written on the Capitol at Providence, and the island." These settlements were later united 

sense of the motto is expressed frequently in under the name of Rhode Island and I'rovi- 

the early history of Rhode Island. Previous dence Plantations. 

to 1636, the area about Narragansett Bay was The history of the state centers almost 

inhabited solely by Indians and they have left entirely about Narragansett Hay, and it is 

behind them as monuments the many names not strange that verj earl) the colony had a 

of the physical features of the state. It is navy of its own. Conscious of the intent of 



recorded that the explore) Verrazano dis- 
covered Narragansett Baj in 1^24 and that 
Adrian Block, who gave his name to Block 
Island, explon-d the bay in 1014. The first 



the founders, it resisted am imposition of 
taxation by the mother country, sinking in 
1669 the armed sloop Liberty and in 1772 
burning the Gaspee, vessels which had been 



permanent settlement was not made until sent by England to curb the activities of the 

[636, when Rogei Williams, driven from inhabitants; and, in reality, these wen- the 

Massachusetts because Ins opinions were in- first overt acts of the Revolution, 

tolerable to his neighbors, established neai Still jealous of her freedom, the state was 

the headwaters of the baj .1 town which he the last of the thirteen states to inter the 

called Providence, " for God's rnerciful provi- Union; and the strength and insistence of 

dence to m< in mj distress." Soon after, hei sons in convention during the earl) years 

Compai ' 



GEOGRAPHY OF RHODE ISLAND 



79 



of the Republic maintained the integrity of 
the state and prevented its partition by Mas- 
sachusetts and Connecticut. Once firmly es- 
tablished, however, the growth of the state has 
gone on with few interruptions, rust as a 
farming community, then as a commercial 
district, and now as a manufacturing state. 



POSITION AND SIZE 

Position. — The southern shore of Block 
Island is about 8' north of the 41 ° parallel, 
and the northeastern corner of the state ex- 
tends about 2' north of the 42 parallel. 
The southern point of the mainland, in the ex- 
treme southwestern corner, is in the latitude 
of4i°6'N. The east-to-west dimension of 
the state is somewhat less than the distance 
from north to south, and it lies wholly between 
the 71 W. and 72 W. meridians. 

Size. — Rhode Island is the smallest state 
of the Union. From Providence at the head 
of the Providence River, one may reach 
\\ oonsocket on the northern border by train 
within a half hour, Westerly in the southwest 
in one hour and fifteen minutes, and the 
sail down the Bay to Newport consumes 
but two hours. Delaware, the next state in 
size, is nearly twice as large, while Texas, the 
largest in the United States, is 213 times the 
size of Rhode Island. 

RELIEF AND DRAINAGE 

Relief. — The upland region of southern 
New England, an uplifted plain, slopes from 
the Berkshire Hills in western Massachusetts 
and Connecticut and from the White Moun- 
tains of New Hampshire to the sea. Rhode 
Island's position in the southern margin of 
this upland, with no point fifty miles from 
the ocean, gives it a relatively low relief. 
The highest point in the state, Durfee Hill, 
near the northwestern corner, is 805 feet above 
the level of the sea, and only a small section, 
in the same general locality, is above qoo feet ; 
while a much larger area, adjacent to the 
ocean and bay, is below the 200 toot contour 



line. Mount Hope, the scene of Indian wars 
during colonial days, is a knoll, 200 feet 
high, situated on an inlet of Narragansett 

Baj near Bristol. 1 he surface of the state 
has a rolling character; tin- plain has been 
cut and worn by streams, leaving rounded 
hills and between them broad valleys, while 
the invasion of the great ice sheet during the 
glacial period covered the state with a layer 
of glacial drift, in which are many bowlders 
of great size. In places the glacial drift 
formed moramic hills. In addition to the 
hills of drift, the glacier left much material 
scattered in plains of faint relief, called sand 
plains, a good representative of which ex- 
tends along the western side of Narragansett 
Bay from Providence to Warwick. 

The most important part of the coast line 
of Rhode Island is the great indentation, 
Narragansett Bay, which extends two thirds 
of the way into the state. The south shore, 
facing the Atlantic, is low and slopes gradually 
under the water, so that vessels cannot ap- 
proach the land except where a river, as the 
Pawcatuck, scours a channel across the con- 
tinental shelf. Narragansett Bav was formed 
by the sinking of the land, which allowed the 
sea to enter the broad valley now occupied by 
the waters of the bay. In this broad valley 
were numerous hills which wen- not sub- 
merged in the subsidence and now extend their 
tops above the waters, forming the islands of 
Rhode Island. 

Drainage. — The term "river" is applied in 
Rhode Island not only to rivers proper but 
also to the estuaries or gnat aims of the bay. 
Thus the Seekonk River is a narrow part of 
the baj extending from Pawtucket to Provi- 
dence, Providence River is the northern and 
narrower portion of the bay, and the Warren 
and Barrington rivers are likewise estuaries. 
Tin- true rivers of the state flow into Nar- 
ragansett Bay, except the Pawcatuck which 
reaches the sea in tin- extreme southwest- 
ern corner of the state. The Blackstone 
River, rising twenty miles to the northwest 



8o 



GEOGRAPHY OF RHODE ISLAND 



of Woonsocket in Massachusetts, flows into 
the Seekonk ; the Pawtuxet, rising in the 
western part of the state and flowing through 
the center, flows into the Providence River; 
and the Pawcatuck. chaining a large part of 
the southwestern part of the state in its lower 
reaches, forms the boundary line between 
Connecticut and Rhode Island. 

The invasion ot the ice during the glacial 
period brought to the state a great quantity 
of loose materials, which were deposited 
unevenly over the area when the ice melted. 
Many streams were turned from their former 
courses and found new pathways to the 
sea. In cutting down new channels these 
streams encountered bed rock which halted 
the erosion at various points, and as the 
softer materials on the downstream side were 
removed, falls were formed. Navigation is 
therefore not possible upon them, but the 
rivers are valuable as sources of power, 
especially the Blackstone and the Pawtuxet. 

Besides turning many streams from their 
original beds, the deposition of glacial drift 
over the state blocked the headwaters of the 
streams and formed many small lakes. Rhode 
Island is dotted with lakes. Some are now 
used for water supply and some as camping 
sins. Many of these lakes were shallow and 
tilled up quickly, forming swamps, which 
remain as undrained areas that sometime 
may be reclaimed to yield rich harvests of 
vegetables and fruits. 

Climate. — The most important climatic 
control is latitude, and Rhode Island's posi- 
tion between the 41st and 43d parallels of 
north latitude gives to if a high sun and long 
days m summei with the consequent high 
temperatures, and a low sun and short days 
in winter with low temperatures. Prevailing 
winds .ind nearness to the sea are two other 
factors that determine its climate. 

Rhode Island is located in the westerlj 
wind belt (Sees. 61, 62), and the cyclonic 
storms (lows) and anti-cyclonic storms highs) 
ol this lull cause greai variations in the 



seasonal temperatures. The proximity to the 
sea, although less influential on an east coast 
than a west coast under westerly winds. 
gives to the state fewer excesses of heat and 
cold than are experienced by an inland state. 
In Providence the average temperature of 
July is 73.4 and that of January is 27. 2°, 
making an annual range of 46. 2°; while at 
Block Island, the average temperature of 
July is 68.1 , and that of January is 31.4 . 
giving an annual range of but 36.7 . 1 he 
difference between the annual range of these 
two places illustrates the influence ot dis- 
tance from the sea upon climate. Altitude 
causes only slight local differences, as the 
relief of the state is not great. 

The growing season (Fig. 71), which is the 
time between the last killing frost in spring and 
the first killing frost in autumn, is longer in 
Rhode Island than in any of the other New 
England states. This period is shorter in the 
northern part of the state than in the southei n 
part. The last killing frost sometimes occurs in 
March, but more frequently it comes in April ; 
and the first killing frost is frequently as late 
as November. Especiallv along the coast 
of the state the modifying influence of the 
sea is felt, and though the winter days are at 
times bleak, they are never excessively cold. 
The influence of the sea in modifying tem- 
perature, however, is most potently marked 
in the summer, when the cooling influences 
of the ocean attract many summer visitors to 
the state and give a temporary increase to the 
population. Watch Hill. Narragansett Pier, 
and Newport stand out preeminently as 
summer resorts. The rainfall of the state is 
ample and is the heaviest along the ocean 
front, where- over 45 inches per year is the 
average amount (Fig. 72). In the northern 
pari of the state the annual rainfall is from 
40 to 45 inches; while the extreme north- 
western section receives 55 to 40 inches 
The rainfall is fairlj well distributed through 
the year, so that the soil is kept moist, and 
long continued droughts are not common. 



GEOGRAPHY OF RHODE ISLAND 



Si 




INDUSTRIES 

Agriculture. — Most of the 
soil in the state is of glacial 
origin. In the uplands it is 
of no great thickness, and 
frequently hare ledges are ex- 
posed, while over the lowland 
a greater depth prevails. As 
there are hut small areas of 
alluvial soil, the greater part 
of the state has a rather 
coarse-textured soil. In the 
uplands the clay, usually in 
glacial soils, is absent, and 
the porous and stony char- 
acter of the soil makes it less 
valuable than the lowland soil, which contains the adjacent areas. The state is considered a 
the clay. According to the soil survey nearly natural orchard area, but only small quanti- 
fifty per cent of the state has a light brown ties of fruit are raised. 

sandy loam, the most of this being too rough 1 he most important farm animals of Rhode 

and too rocky for profitable tillage and best Island are horses, dairy cattle, and poultt \ . 
suited to forestry or to orcharding. About The large manufacturing centers and summer 
twenty-one per cent of the state's area has resorts furnish ready markets for milk, eggs, 
a mellow brown loam, the most productive and poultry, 
soil in the state. Mining. — The value of minerals exceeds 

About two thirds of the area of the state the value of the agricultural output of the 
consists of farm land, but only one fourth of state, but does not equal in value the fisheries. 
the total area consists of improved farm land. The most famous product is granite, and 
It is estimated that about 400 square miles, or Rhode Island stands ninth among the states 
thirty-seven per cent of the state, is covered in granite production. This stone is quarried 
with trees, but the growth is not vigorous in many places, but the real center of the in- 
and most of the trees are too small for timber, dustry is at Westerly in the southwestern 
A few patches of pines exist, and cedars fill part of the state. The Westerly granite has. 
many of the southern swamps, but most of the because of its fine texture and color, found 
forest area is covered with hardwoods. an extensive market for monumental work. 

Hay is the leading crop of Rhode Island Coal is mined in small amounts on Aquidneck 
and potatoes are second in importance. Corn Island, but it is of inferior quality. 
is the most important cereal crop. In the Fishing. -Narragansett Bay offers a greal 

vicinity of the huge centers market gardens extent of shallow watei which has been used 
have sprung up and have been uniformly since the- foundation of the colon j as a fishing 
successful. Providence and the towns in its ground. Fishing gives occupation to only a 
immediate vicinity offer an extensive market very small percentage of the people of the 
for garden products, and in the southern part state (one half of one- per cent 1, but the 
of the state the summer resorts make a good yield is worth in monej ten times tin output 
demand for vegetables and fruits grown in of the farms. More than one half the value 

xxi 



82 



GEOGRAPHY OF RHODE ISLAND 



of the fisheries comes from shellfish. Rhode points in New England. One line runs from 
Island clams are widely known and its oysters Providence westward into Connecticut, one 
are shipped in great quantities. The oyster extends northwestward to Pascoag and into 

catch is valued at three Massachusetts, another runs 

fourths of a million dollars northwestward to Worces- 

per year. Scup, squeteague, J * 5 M ter, and another southeast- 

and lobstei an caught and mS0T wan ' to E all River and 

form twenty-five per cent II ■ fT I ' \- Newport. One of the main 

of the value of all products H piU^J! railroads of this system 

of this industry. IBHm&'~ * ^fc connects Providence with 

Manufacturing. — Rhode Boston and New York. 



Island is above everything 
else a manufacturing state, 
about fifty-five per cent of 
the working population be- 
ing engaged in this industry. 
The leading manufactur- 
ing industries of Rhode 
Island, in order of impor- 
tance, are manufacturing of 




Making jewelry. Providence 



1 rom 



rovi 



den 



ce exten- 



sive trolley lines parallel the 
railroads and carry on a 
heavy business in both 
freight and passenger traffic. 
Providence is also the 
center of a coastwise traffic 
and is connected by boats 
with New ^\ 01 k and Chesa- 



facilities and attract trade. 1 he bay during 
the summer months is filled with many kinds 
of vessels, and a fleet of steamers plies 
between the large resorts. 

GOVERNMENT AND EDUCATION 

Government. — 1 he settlement t»l Rhode Is- 
land m somewhat isolated towns developed a 
purely democratic form of government 111 



woolen and worsted goods, cotton manufac- ' peake Bay. One transatlantic line, the Pabre, 
turing, dyeing and finishing of textiles, and from southern Europe, stops at Providence, 
the making of jewelry. To-day Rhode Island and the state has recently erected a new 
holds first rank among the states in the value state pier in the city 111 order to extend its 
of jewelry manufactured. The state ranks 
second in worsted goods, third in dyeing and 
finishing, and fifth in cotton goods. 

Most of the raw materials for manufactur- 
ing come from afar. Rhode Island has no 
gold nor silver mines, no cotton fields, and 
but few flocks of sheep. It does, however, 
contain a densely settled district of skilled 
artisans. The disadvantage of distance from 
the sources of raw products is 
compensated b) the abun- 
dance of skilled labor and by 
the nearness of markets for 
1 lie finished products I I ig. 81 

Transportation. All the 
railroads in Rhode Island be- 
long to the New York, \Yw 
I l.i\ en, and Han ford Railroad 
systi in Page iv). H\ 1 hese 
Inns Providence is connected 
with oihei cities and villages 
ol iIm 1. in and with othei 




GEOGRAPHY OF RHODE ISLAND 



83 



which every voter could have a hearing and a 
direct vote upon every issue. As soon as 
the town meeting became unwieldy, because 
of the increasing size of the town, cities 
organized under representative government. 
Groups of towns and cities are joined as 
counties for the holding of court sessions only. 

The governor of Rhode Island, elected 
biennially, has less power than is granted 
governors of other states, inasmuch as the 
veto power is denied him. I he legislature, 
called the General Assembly, is a small body ; 
each town or city has one senator, making 
thirty-nine, and each has representatives ac- 
cording to the population, but the House is 
limited to a membership of seventy-two. 

Education. — The public schools of Rhode 
Island consist of elementary schools, high 
schools, the Rhode Island State Normal 
School, and the Rhode Island State College. 
The state board of education and the com- 
missioner of public schools have general su- 
pervision of the schools of the state. Some of 
the best features of the school system of Rhode 
Island are: the large number of professionally 
trained teachers, the length of the school term, 
evening schools for those who cannot attend 
day schools, and the introduction of industrial 
education, including agricultural education. 

The Normal School trains teachers for the 
schools of the state. The State College offers 
courses in agriculture, engineering, and other 
applied sciences. 

Brown University, an endowed institution, 
is one of the leading universities of the United 
States. 

POPULATION AND CITIES 

Population. — Rhode Island has a popula- 
tion of 542,610. Although it is the smallest 
state in the Union, there are ten states 
with a smaller population. If the people 
were distributed uniformly over the state, 
each square mile of area would contain 500. 
persons, and this density of population ex- 
ceeds that of any other state of the United 



States. This high density is the result of 
the concentration of people in manufacturing 
centers. The six cities of the state contain 
385,147 persons, or over seventy per cent of 
the entire population, and the total number 
of people in villages and cities of 2500 in- 
habitants or more constitutes 96.7 per cent 
of the population. This percentage of urban 
population is not exceeded by any other state 
of the Union. Two thirds of the population 
is native and one third is foreign born. 1 he 
foreign white stock, including foreign born 
and those having one or both parents of 
foreign birth, exceeds two thirds of the total 
population. 

Providence, at the head of the Providence 
River, is the largest city, the capital of the 
state, and the chief distributing center. It 
is the second city in size in New England 




Over 10.000 
1000 to 10.0U0 
500 to 1000 
200 to 500 



<^ to 100 



Distribution of population in Rhode Island 



8 4 



GEOGRAPHY OF RHODE ISLAND 





i 'I' 




Brown University, Providence 



being exceeded by Boston. Providence is 
primarily a jewelry center. It is also noted 
for the manufacture of cotton, worsteds, 
high-grade tools, engines, and boilers. Be- 
sides being the center of the industrial life, 
Providence contains the state Capitol, Brown 
University, and the State Normal School. 

Pawtucket, the second city in population, is at 
the head of the Seekonk River, an arm of 
Narragansett Bay, and along the lower reaches 
of the Blackstone River. Cotton and worsted 
goods and machinery are manufactured. 

Woonsocket, on the Blackstone and bordering 
Massachusetts, is noted for the manufacture of 
mi inn and rubber goods. 

Newport, once a famous port and tin* capital of 
iln state, is noted as a summer resort. Tin- 



I 







State Capitol, Provl 



United States War College and Naval Training 
Station is located here. 

Cranston and Central Falls are manufacturing 
centers. The former is noted for bleaching, dye- 
ing, and calico printing, and the latter for the 
manufacture of textiles. 

Cotton goods are manufactured in Lonsdale, 
Valley Falls, Manville, Warren, Warwick, West 
Warwick, and Westerly. Chemical products art- 
manufactured at East Providence and fish oil and 
fertilizers at Tiverton. Bristol, noted for ship 
building, has sent our main' " cup defenders." 
Kingston, in the southern part of tin- state, is tin 
star of Rhode Island State College. Block Is- 
land, Narragansett Pier, Jamestown, and Watch 
Hill are famous resorts. 



Population °» Coi stii i i ii ujd Towns of 

Rmodi [si UJD, I ■ j I 5 



Hrisli 1 County . . 


20.S25 


Cumberland 


Q.020 


Harrington . . . 




East Provid' 




Bristol . . . 


IO,.iO_> 


Foster 


1,076 


Warren . . . . 


7,24" 


Glocestei . . . 




1 mnty , . 








entry 




1 1 oln .... 


10. 1 10 


1 i Greenwich 




Noi 1 Ii IV. ii 


6,780 


\\ arw ick 


1 


Smithfield 




We i \\ uv.uk 




P 




Wesl 1 ireenwii h 


50<) 


r,.. 


: 17. "do 


Newport County 




Scit u.i 1 r 




1 town 




Smithfield 




Little Compton 




\\ 1 


• 40.0-S 


Middletown 




Washii ton 1 ounty 




New porl cil 


30,472 


: . . 


001 


New Shoreham 


'.!' 1 


1 


004 


..hi h 


2,678 


1 i niton . . 




Hverton 


1. |Oi, 


Narragan 'it 




1 aunty . 




Norl h ' 




Burrillville 




Rii hmond 


■ . 1 , - 


Centi Fall 




1 in too 






J". 'HO 


\\ < 1 1 rly .... 


10,175 








595.086 



1 1 



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